{"id":31,"date":"2020-07-22T18:32:52","date_gmt":"2020-07-22T18:32:52","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ibooks.braou.ac.in\/aaohindiseekhein\/chapter\/consonants\/"},"modified":"2026-04-07T10:09:39","modified_gmt":"2026-04-07T10:09:39","slug":"consonants","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/ibooks.braou.ac.in\/aaohindiseekhein\/chapter\/consonants\/","title":{"raw":"1.2 \u0939\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0940 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0902\u091c\u0928 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923 \"Hindi Consonant Letters\"","rendered":"1.2 \u0939\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0940 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0902\u091c\u0928 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923 “Hindi Consonant Letters”"},"content":{"raw":" \n\n[caption id=\"attachment_27\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"1024\"]\"9 \"Alphabet series 2005\" by Artiii is licensed under CC BY-NC-ND 2.0.[\/caption]\n\nPlease watch the following video of Hindi consonant letters. While watching the video, you can pause and try to say each letter out loud.\n\nInstructor Video: Hindi Consonant letters<\/a><\/strong>\n

Writing Consonant Letters<\/h2>\nPlease watch the following video and try to learn how to write consonant letters.\n\nInstructor Video: Writing Consonants<\/a><\/strong>\n

Table 4. List of Consonant Letter with their English equivalent sounds.<\/h3>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\n

Table 4 (above). Hindi consonant letters with their English equivalent and their place and manner of articulations.<\/p>\n\n<\/caption>\n

\u00a0<\/strong><\/td>\nPlace of Articulation<\/strong><\/th>\nUnvoiced Unaspirated<\/strong><\/th>\nUnvoiced Aspirated<\/strong><\/th>\nVoiced Unaspirated<\/strong><\/th>\nVoiced Aspirated<\/strong><\/th>\nNasal<\/strong><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n
Hindi<\/strong><\/th>\nVelar<\/strong><\/td>\n\u0915<\/span><\/td>\n\u0916<\/span><\/td>\n\u0917<\/span><\/td>\n\u0918<\/span><\/td>\n\u0919<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
English<\/strong><\/th>\n<\/td>\nka<\/td>\nkha<\/td>\nga<\/td>\ngha<\/td>\nnga<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Hindi<\/strong><\/th>\nPalatal<\/strong><\/td>\n\u091a<\/span><\/td>\n\u091b<\/span><\/td>\n\u091c<\/span><\/td>\n\u091d<\/span><\/td>\n\u091e<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
English<\/strong><\/th>\n<\/td>\ncha<\/td>\nchha<\/td>\nja<\/td>\njha<\/td>\nnja<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Hindi<\/strong><\/th>\nRetroflex<\/strong><\/td>\n\u091f<\/span><\/td>\n\u0920<\/span><\/td>\n\u0921\/[pb_glossary id=\"85\"]\u0921\u093c[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/td>\n\u0922\/[pb_glossary id=\"86\"]\u0922\u093c\u00a0[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/td>\n\u0923<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
English<\/strong><\/th>\n<\/td>\nTa<\/td>\nTha<\/td>\nDa\/Ra<\/td>\nDha\/Rha<\/td>\nNa<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Hindi<\/strong><\/th>\nDental<\/strong><\/td>\n\u0924<\/span><\/td>\n\u0925<\/span><\/td>\n\u0926<\/span><\/td>\n\u0927<\/span><\/td>\n\u0928<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
English<\/strong><\/th>\n<\/td>\nta<\/td>\ntha<\/td>\nda<\/td>\ndha<\/td>\nna<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Hindi<\/strong><\/th>\nLabial<\/strong><\/td>\n\u092a<\/span><\/td>\n\u092b<\/span><\/td>\n\u092c<\/span><\/td>\n\u092d<\/span><\/td>\n\u092e<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
English<\/strong><\/th>\n<\/td>\npa<\/td>\npha<\/td>\nba<\/td>\nbha<\/td>\nma<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Hindi<\/strong><\/th>\nSemi-vowels<\/strong><\/td>\n\u092f<\/span><\/td>\n\u0930<\/span><\/td>\n\u0932<\/span><\/td>\n\u0935<\/span><\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
English<\/strong><\/th>\n<\/td>\nya<\/td>\nra<\/td>\nla<\/td>\nva\/wa<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Hindi<\/strong><\/th>\nSibilants<\/strong><\/td>\n\u0938<\/span><\/td>\n\u0936<\/span><\/td>\n\u0937<\/span><\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
English<\/strong><\/th>\n<\/td>\nsa<\/td>\nsha<\/td>\nshha<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Hindi<\/strong><\/th>\nGlottal<\/strong><\/td>\n\u0939<\/span><\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
English<\/strong><\/th>\n<\/td>\nha<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Hindi<\/strong><\/th>\nClusters<\/strong><\/td>\n[pb_glossary id=\"142\"]\u0915\u094d\u0937[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/td>\n[pb_glossary id=\"143\"]\u0924\u094d\u0930[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/td>\n[pb_glossary id=\"144\"]\u091c\u094d\u091e[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
English<\/strong><\/th>\n\u00a0<\/strong><\/td>\nksha<\/td>\ntra<\/td>\njna<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Table 5. Examples of Hindi Consonants in English and Hindi words<\/h3>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\n

Table 5 (above). Examples of consonant letters in Hindi and English words.<\/p>\n\n<\/caption>\n

Consonants<\/strong><\/th>\nEnglish<\/strong><\/th>\nHindi<\/strong><\/th>\nNotes<\/strong><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
\u0915<\/span><\/td>\nSK<\/span>ILL, STICK<\/span><\/td>\n\u0915<\/span>\u0932\u092e, \u0915<\/span>\u092a\u0921\u093c\u093e<\/span><\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0916<\/span><\/td>\n<\/td>\n\u0916<\/span>\u0930\u0917\u094b\u0936, \u0916<\/span>\u0930\u093e<\/span><\/td>\n\"\u0916\"<\/span> is pronounced as \"\u0915<\/span>,\" but with aspiration (extra puff of air).<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0917<\/span><\/td>\nG<\/span>UN, G<\/span>OAL<\/td>\n\u0917<\/span>\u092e\u0932\u093e, \u0917<\/span>\u0921\u093c\u092c\u0921\u093c<\/span><\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0918<\/span><\/td>\n<\/td>\n\u0918<\/span>\u0930, \u0918<\/span>\u0921\u093c\u0940<\/span><\/td>\n\"\u0918<\/span>\" is pronounced as \"\u0917<\/span>,\" but with aspiration (extra puff of air).<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0919<\/span><\/td>\n<\/td>\n\u0917\u0902\u0917\u093e, \u0915\u0902\u0918\u0940<\/span><\/td>\nVelar nasal does not explicitly appear in a word. It comes as a dot (.)<\/span> above the letter to show nasalization.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u091a<\/span><\/td>\nPITCH<\/span>, SWITCH<\/span><\/td>\n\u091a<\/span>\u0930\u0916\u093e, \u091a<\/span>\u0930\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930<\/span><\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u091b<\/span><\/td>\n<\/td>\n\u091b<\/span>\u0924, \u091b<\/span>\u0921\u093c\u0940<\/span><\/td>\n\"\u091b<\/span>\" is pronounced as \"\u091a<\/span>,\" but with aspiration (extra puff of air).<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u091c<\/span><\/td>\nJ<\/span>UG, J<\/span>OKE<\/td>\n\u091c<\/span>\u0917, \u091c<\/span>\u091f\u093f\u0932<\/span><\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u091d<\/span><\/td>\n<\/td>\n\u091d<\/span>\u0930\u0928\u093e, \u091d<\/span>\u0917\u0921\u093c\u093e<\/span><\/td>\n\"\u091d<\/span>\" is pronounced as \"\u091c<\/span>,\" but with aspiration (extra puff of air).<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u091e<\/span><\/td>\n<\/td>\n\u092a\u0902\u091c\u093e\u092c, \u092a\u0902\u091a<\/span><\/td>\nPalatal nasal does not explicitly appear in a word. It comes as a dot (.)<\/span> above the letter to show nasalization.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u091f<\/span><\/td>\nBAT<\/span>, CAT<\/span><\/td>\n\u091f<\/span>\u092e\u093e\u091f<\/span>\u0930, \u091f<\/span>\u092e\u091f<\/span>\u092e<\/span><\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0920<\/span><\/td>\n<\/td>\n\u0920<\/span>\u0920\u0947\u0930\u093e, \u0920<\/span>\u0917<\/span><\/td>\n\"\u0920<\/span>\" is pronounced as \"\u091f<\/span>,\" but with aspiration (extra puff of air).<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0921<\/span><\/td>\nBAD<\/span>, CARD<\/span><\/td>\n\u0921<\/span>\u092e\u0930\u0942, \u0921<\/span>\u092c\u094d\u092c\u093e<\/span><\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0922<\/span><\/td>\n<\/td>\n\u0922<\/span>\u0915\u094d\u0915\u0928, \u0922<\/span>\u0939\u0928\u093e<\/span><\/td>\n\"\u0922<\/span>\" is pronounced as \"\u0921<\/span>,\" but with aspiration (extra puff of air).<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0923<\/span><\/td>\n<\/td>\n\u0920\u0902\u0921\u093e, \u0905\u0902\u0921\u093e<\/span><\/td>\nRetroflex nasal does not explicitly appear in a word. It comes as a dot (.)<\/span> above the letter to show nasalization.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0924<\/span><\/td>\n<\/td>\n\u0924<\/span>\u0930\u092c\u0942\u091c, \u0924<\/span>\u0928\u093e\u0935<\/span><\/td>\n\"\u0924<\/span>\" is pronounced as \"\u091f<\/span>,\" with the tongue at dental position.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0925<\/span><\/td>\n<\/td>\n\u0925<\/span>\u0930\u092e\u0938, \u0925<\/span>\u0915\u0928\u093e<\/span><\/td>\n\"\u0925<\/span>\" is pronounced as \"\u0924<\/span>,\" but with aspiration (extra puff of air).<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0926<\/span><\/td>\nTH<\/span>E, TH<\/span>EN<\/td>\n\u0926<\/span>\u0935\u093e, \u0926<\/span>\u0930\u0935\u093e\u091c\u093c\u093e<\/span><\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0927<\/span><\/td>\n<\/td>\n\u0927<\/span>\u0928, \u0927<\/span>\u0928\u0941\u0937<\/span><\/td>\n\"\u0927<\/span>\" is pronounced as \"\u0926<\/span>,\" but with aspiration (extra puff of air).<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0928<\/span><\/td>\nN<\/span>O, N<\/span>EAR<\/td>\n\u0928<\/span>\u0932, \u0928<\/span>\u0939\u093e\u0928\u093e<\/span><\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u092a<\/span><\/td>\nNAP<\/span>, SLEEP<\/span><\/td>\n\u092a<\/span>\u0924\u0902\u0917, \u092a<\/span>\u0932\u0902\u0917<\/span><\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u092b<\/span><\/td>\n<\/td>\n\u092b<\/span>\u0932, \u092b<\/span>\u091f\u0928\u093e<\/span><\/td>\n\"\u092b<\/span>\" is pronounced as \"\u092a<\/span>,\" but with aspiration (extra puff of air).<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u092c<\/span><\/td>\nTUB<\/span>, PUB<\/span><\/td>\n\u092c<\/span>\u0915\u0930\u0940, \u092c<\/span>\u0926\u0928<\/span><\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u092d<\/span><\/td>\n<\/td>\n\u092d<\/span>\u0932\u093e\u0908, \u092d<\/span>\u0930\u094b\u0938\u093e<\/span><\/td>\n\"\u092d<\/span>\" is pronounced as \"\u092c<\/span>,\" but with aspiration (extra puff of air).<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u092e<\/span><\/td>\nM<\/span>OM<\/span>, M<\/span>ONEY<\/td>\n\u092e<\/span>\u091b\u0932\u0940, \u092e<\/span>\u092e\u0924\u093e<\/span><\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u092f<\/span><\/td>\nY<\/span>ELLOW, Y<\/span>ES<\/td>\n\u092f<\/span>\u091c\u094d\u091e, \u092f<\/span>\u0936<\/span><\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0930<\/span><\/td>\nR<\/span>EST, R<\/span>IVER<\/td>\n\u0930<\/span>\u0938\u094d\u0938\u0940, \u0930<\/span>\u091a\u0928\u093e<\/span><\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0932<\/span><\/td>\nL<\/span>AMP, L<\/span>ARGE<\/td>\n\u0932<\/span>\u091f\u094d\u091f\u0942, \u0932<\/span>\u0921\u093c\u0915\u093e<\/span><\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0935<\/span><\/td>\nW<\/span>AY, W<\/span>INE<\/td>\n\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0940, \u0935\u0915\u0940\u0932<\/span><\/td>\nHindi has only \"\u0935<\/span>\" for English \"W,\" and \"V.\"<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0938<\/span><\/td>\nS<\/span>UN, S<\/span>ERVICE<\/td>\n\u0938<\/span>\u092c\u094d\u091c\u093c\u0940, \u0938<\/span>\u0921\u093c\u0915<\/span><\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0936<\/span><\/td>\nSH<\/span>OE, SH<\/span>INE<\/td>\n\u0936<\/span>\u0932\u0917\u092e, \u0936<\/span>\u0924<\/span><\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0937<\/span><\/td>\n<\/td>\n\u0937<\/span>\u091f\u094d\u092d\u0941\u091c, \u0937<\/span>\u0921\u094d\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930<\/span><\/td>\n\"\u0937<\/span>\" is pronounced as \"\u0936<\/span>,\" with the tongue at retroflex position.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0939<\/span><\/td>\nH<\/span>INDI, H<\/span>UB<\/td>\n\u0939<\/span>\u0930\u093e, \u0939<\/span>\u0930\u093f\u0928<\/span><\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0915\u094d\u0937<\/span><\/td>\n<\/td>\n\u0915\u094d\u0937<\/span>\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f, \u0935\u0943\u0915\u094d\u0937<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n\"\u0915\u094d\u0937<\/span>\"\u00a0 is a borrowed letter from Sanskrit. It does not have English equivalent.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0924\u094d\u0930<\/span><\/td>\n<\/td>\n\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930<\/span>, \u092a\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n\"\u0924\u094d\u0930<\/span>\"\u00a0 is a borrowed letter from Sanskrit. It does not have English equivalent.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u091c\u094d\u091e<\/span><\/td>\n<\/td>\n\u092f\u091c\u094d\u091e<\/span>,<\/span><\/td>\n\"\u091c\u094d\u091e<\/span>\"\u00a0 is a borrowed letter from Sanskrit. It does not have English equivalent.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Worksheet 2. Please practice writing these consonant letters<\/h3>\n

Worksheet 2. Hindi language learners can download the worksheet below to practice writing consonant letters.<\/p>\n

Worksheet 2 PDF<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n\n

Test Yourself<\/h3>\n

Activity 1: Match the followings<\/strong><\/h4>\n

[h5p id=\"3\"]<\/p>\n\n

Activity 2: Choose the correct option.<\/strong><\/h4>\n

[h5p id=\"4\"]<\/p>\n\n

Activity 3:<\/strong><\/h4>\n

Please record your consonant sounds here and share it with your friends\/teacher for further feedback.<\/p>\n

[h5p id=\"38\"]<\/p>\n\n

Reading and Writing Task<\/strong><\/h4>\n

You should try to read the words in Worksheet 3 (below). You can write them down in Roman script then watch the following video and check your answer.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Worksheet 3 (above). Reading and Writing: Please read these words and try to write them in Roman script and then check your answer using video 5 (below).<\/caption>\n
\n

\u091c\u0932\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0928\u0932\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0938\u091a\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u091d\u091f\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0930\u0925\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n

\u092b\u0932\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0939\u0932\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u092e\u0924\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u092a\u0930\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0918\u0930\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n

\u0921\u0930\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u092c\u0938\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0915\u0939\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u091a\u0916\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0915\u0930\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n

\u092e\u0924\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0939\u0930\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0905\u092c\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u092a\u0922\u093c\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u092f\u092e\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n

\u0915\u0932\u092e\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0915\u092e\u0932\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0916\u0930\u092c\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0915\u0932\u0936\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u092e\u0939\u0932\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n

\u092c\u0924\u0916\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u092e\u0926\u0928\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u092a\u0932\u0915\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0928\u0939\u0930\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u092d\u091c\u0928\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n

\u0936\u0939\u0926\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0936\u0939\u0930\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0938\u0921\u093c\u0915\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u092e\u0917\u0930\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u091a\u0930\u0923\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n

\u092a\u0915\u0921\u093c\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0907\u0927\u0930\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u090a\u092a\u0930\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0917\u0930\u092e\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u092a\u0930\u0924\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n

\u0915\u0938\u0930\u0924\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0905\u091c\u0917\u0930\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0926\u0936\u0930\u0925\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0936\u0930\u092c\u0924\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u091f\u092e\u091f\u092e\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n

\u092c\u0930\u0917\u0926\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0928\u091f\u0916\u091f\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0909\u092c\u091f\u0928\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

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\u092a\u0930\u0935\u0932\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

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\u092a\u0928\u0918\u091f\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
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\u091a\u092e\u091a\u092e\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

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\u0932\u0917\u092d\u0917\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

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\u0915\u0930\u0935\u091f\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

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\u091c\u0917\u092e\u0917<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

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\u0939\u0932\u091a\u0932\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\nInstructor Video: <\/strong>Feedback on Worksheet 3<\/strong><\/a>\n

Half Consonants<\/span><\/h2>\nUnlike English, Hindi has half consonants (consonant without vowel). In Hindi, half consonants are used to form consonant clusters in words.\n\nPlease watch the following video to learn how to write half consonant.\n\nInstructor Video: <\/strong>Half Consonants<\/strong><\/a>\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_27\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"579\"]\"\" Picture 1. Handwritten half consonant in both styles.[\/caption]\n\n \n\n[caption id=\"attachment_27\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"712\"]\"\" Picture 2. Typed half consonants in Hindi[\/caption]\n\n \n

Half \"\u0930\" (R)<\/span><\/h2>\n

Half \"\u0930<\/span>\" when it comes in a consonant cluster, it is written in two ways.<\/p>\n

(a) When half \"\u0930<\/span>\" comes after another consonant, it is marked as a diagonal stroke at the bottom of the letter going from right top to the left bottom.<\/p>\n

For example:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Consonant<\/th>\nWith Half \"\u0930\"<\/span><\/th>\nTransliteration<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n
\u092a\u094d\u0930<\/td>\n\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u092e<\/td>\nPrem<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0915\u094d\u0930<\/td>\n\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e<\/td>\nkram<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0917\u094d\u0930<\/td>\n\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0939\u0915<\/td>\ngraahak<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

(b) When \"\u0930<\/span>\" come before another consonant, it is marked on the top of another consonant as a \"\u0930\u0947\u092b<\/span>\" reph.<\/span><\/p>\n

For example:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Consonant<\/th>\nWith \"\u0930\"<\/span><\/th>\nTransliteration<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0930\u094d\u092a<\/td>\n\u0938\u0930\u094d\u092a<\/td>\nsarp<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0930\u094d\u092f<\/td>\n\u0906\u0930\u094d\u092f<\/td>\naary<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0930\u094d\u0937\u093e<\/td>\n\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937\u093e (if there is a long vowel, reph goes on the top of the long vowel)<\/td>\nwarshhaa<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

\u0927\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0935\u093e\u0926 !<\/strong><\/p>","rendered":"

 <\/p>\n

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“Alphabet series 2005” by Artiii is licensed under CC BY-NC-ND 2.0.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Please watch the following video of Hindi consonant letters. While watching the video, you can pause and try to say each letter out loud.<\/p>\n

Instructor Video: Hindi Consonant letters<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n

Writing Consonant Letters<\/h2>\n

Please watch the following video and try to learn how to write consonant letters.<\/p>\n

Instructor Video: Writing Consonants<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n

Table 4. List of Consonant Letter with their English equivalent sounds.<\/h3>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\n<\/caption>\n
\u00a0<\/strong><\/td>\nPlace of Articulation<\/strong><\/th>\nUnvoiced Unaspirated<\/strong><\/th>\nUnvoiced Aspirated<\/strong><\/th>\nVoiced Unaspirated<\/strong><\/th>\nVoiced Aspirated<\/strong><\/th>\nNasal<\/strong><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n
Hindi<\/strong><\/th>\nVelar<\/strong><\/td>\n\u0915<\/span><\/td>\n\u0916<\/span><\/td>\n\u0917<\/span><\/td>\n\u0918<\/span><\/td>\n\u0919<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
English<\/strong><\/th>\n<\/td>\nka<\/td>\nkha<\/td>\nga<\/td>\ngha<\/td>\nnga<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Hindi<\/strong><\/th>\nPalatal<\/strong><\/td>\n\u091a<\/span><\/td>\n\u091b<\/span><\/td>\n\u091c<\/span><\/td>\n\u091d<\/span><\/td>\n\u091e<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
English<\/strong><\/th>\n<\/td>\ncha<\/td>\nchha<\/td>\nja<\/td>\njha<\/td>\nnja<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Hindi<\/strong><\/th>\nRetroflex<\/strong><\/td>\n\u091f<\/span><\/td>\n\u0920<\/span><\/td>\n\u0921\/\u0921\u093c<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n\u0922\/\u0922\u093c\u00a0<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n\u0923<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
English<\/strong><\/th>\n<\/td>\nTa<\/td>\nTha<\/td>\nDa\/Ra<\/td>\nDha\/Rha<\/td>\nNa<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Hindi<\/strong><\/th>\nDental<\/strong><\/td>\n\u0924<\/span><\/td>\n\u0925<\/span><\/td>\n\u0926<\/span><\/td>\n\u0927<\/span><\/td>\n\u0928<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
English<\/strong><\/th>\n<\/td>\nta<\/td>\ntha<\/td>\nda<\/td>\ndha<\/td>\nna<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Hindi<\/strong><\/th>\nLabial<\/strong><\/td>\n\u092a<\/span><\/td>\n\u092b<\/span><\/td>\n\u092c<\/span><\/td>\n\u092d<\/span><\/td>\n\u092e<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
English<\/strong><\/th>\n<\/td>\npa<\/td>\npha<\/td>\nba<\/td>\nbha<\/td>\nma<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Hindi<\/strong><\/th>\nSemi-vowels<\/strong><\/td>\n\u092f<\/span><\/td>\n\u0930<\/span><\/td>\n\u0932<\/span><\/td>\n\u0935<\/span><\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
English<\/strong><\/th>\n<\/td>\nya<\/td>\nra<\/td>\nla<\/td>\nva\/wa<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Hindi<\/strong><\/th>\nSibilants<\/strong><\/td>\n\u0938<\/span><\/td>\n\u0936<\/span><\/td>\n\u0937<\/span><\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
English<\/strong><\/th>\n<\/td>\nsa<\/td>\nsha<\/td>\nshha<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Hindi<\/strong><\/th>\nGlottal<\/strong><\/td>\n\u0939<\/span><\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
English<\/strong><\/th>\n<\/td>\nha<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Hindi<\/strong><\/th>\nClusters<\/strong><\/td>\n\u0915\u094d\u0937<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n\u0924\u094d\u0930<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n\u091c\u094d\u091e<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
English<\/strong><\/th>\n\u00a0<\/strong><\/td>\nksha<\/td>\ntra<\/td>\njna<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Table 5. Examples of Hindi Consonants in English and Hindi words<\/h3>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\n<\/caption>\n
Consonants<\/strong><\/th>\nEnglish<\/strong><\/th>\nHindi<\/strong><\/th>\nNotes<\/strong><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
\u0915<\/span><\/td>\nSK<\/span>ILL, STICK<\/span><\/td>\n\u0915<\/span>\u0932\u092e, \u0915<\/span>\u092a\u0921\u093c\u093e<\/span><\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0916<\/span><\/td>\n<\/td>\n\u0916<\/span>\u0930\u0917\u094b\u0936, \u0916<\/span>\u0930\u093e<\/span><\/td>\n“\u0916”<\/span> is pronounced as “\u0915<\/span>,” but with aspiration (extra puff of air).<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0917<\/span><\/td>\nG<\/span>UN, G<\/span>OAL<\/td>\n\u0917<\/span>\u092e\u0932\u093e, \u0917<\/span>\u0921\u093c\u092c\u0921\u093c<\/span><\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0918<\/span><\/td>\n<\/td>\n\u0918<\/span>\u0930, \u0918<\/span>\u0921\u093c\u0940<\/span><\/td>\n“\u0918<\/span>” is pronounced as “\u0917<\/span>,” but with aspiration (extra puff of air).<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0919<\/span><\/td>\n<\/td>\n\u0917\u0902\u0917\u093e, \u0915\u0902\u0918\u0940<\/span><\/td>\nVelar nasal does not explicitly appear in a word. It comes as a dot (.)<\/span> above the letter to show nasalization.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u091a<\/span><\/td>\nPITCH<\/span>, SWITCH<\/span><\/td>\n\u091a<\/span>\u0930\u0916\u093e, \u091a<\/span>\u0930\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930<\/span><\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u091b<\/span><\/td>\n<\/td>\n\u091b<\/span>\u0924, \u091b<\/span>\u0921\u093c\u0940<\/span><\/td>\n“\u091b<\/span>” is pronounced as “\u091a<\/span>,” but with aspiration (extra puff of air).<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u091c<\/span><\/td>\nJ<\/span>UG, J<\/span>OKE<\/td>\n\u091c<\/span>\u0917, \u091c<\/span>\u091f\u093f\u0932<\/span><\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u091d<\/span><\/td>\n<\/td>\n\u091d<\/span>\u0930\u0928\u093e, \u091d<\/span>\u0917\u0921\u093c\u093e<\/span><\/td>\n“\u091d<\/span>” is pronounced as “\u091c<\/span>,” but with aspiration (extra puff of air).<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u091e<\/span><\/td>\n<\/td>\n\u092a\u0902\u091c\u093e\u092c, \u092a\u0902\u091a<\/span><\/td>\nPalatal nasal does not explicitly appear in a word. It comes as a dot (.)<\/span> above the letter to show nasalization.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u091f<\/span><\/td>\nBAT<\/span>, CAT<\/span><\/td>\n\u091f<\/span>\u092e\u093e\u091f<\/span>\u0930, \u091f<\/span>\u092e\u091f<\/span>\u092e<\/span><\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0920<\/span><\/td>\n<\/td>\n\u0920<\/span>\u0920\u0947\u0930\u093e, \u0920<\/span>\u0917<\/span><\/td>\n“\u0920<\/span>” is pronounced as “\u091f<\/span>,” but with aspiration (extra puff of air).<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0921<\/span><\/td>\nBAD<\/span>, CARD<\/span><\/td>\n\u0921<\/span>\u092e\u0930\u0942, \u0921<\/span>\u092c\u094d\u092c\u093e<\/span><\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0922<\/span><\/td>\n<\/td>\n\u0922<\/span>\u0915\u094d\u0915\u0928, \u0922<\/span>\u0939\u0928\u093e<\/span><\/td>\n“\u0922<\/span>” is pronounced as “\u0921<\/span>,” but with aspiration (extra puff of air).<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0923<\/span><\/td>\n<\/td>\n\u0920\u0902\u0921\u093e, \u0905\u0902\u0921\u093e<\/span><\/td>\nRetroflex nasal does not explicitly appear in a word. It comes as a dot (.)<\/span> above the letter to show nasalization.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0924<\/span><\/td>\n<\/td>\n\u0924<\/span>\u0930\u092c\u0942\u091c, \u0924<\/span>\u0928\u093e\u0935<\/span><\/td>\n“\u0924<\/span>” is pronounced as “\u091f<\/span>,” with the tongue at dental position.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0925<\/span><\/td>\n<\/td>\n\u0925<\/span>\u0930\u092e\u0938, \u0925<\/span>\u0915\u0928\u093e<\/span><\/td>\n“\u0925<\/span>” is pronounced as “\u0924<\/span>,” but with aspiration (extra puff of air).<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0926<\/span><\/td>\nTH<\/span>E, TH<\/span>EN<\/td>\n\u0926<\/span>\u0935\u093e, \u0926<\/span>\u0930\u0935\u093e\u091c\u093c\u093e<\/span><\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0927<\/span><\/td>\n<\/td>\n\u0927<\/span>\u0928, \u0927<\/span>\u0928\u0941\u0937<\/span><\/td>\n“\u0927<\/span>” is pronounced as “\u0926<\/span>,” but with aspiration (extra puff of air).<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0928<\/span><\/td>\nN<\/span>O, N<\/span>EAR<\/td>\n\u0928<\/span>\u0932, \u0928<\/span>\u0939\u093e\u0928\u093e<\/span><\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u092a<\/span><\/td>\nNAP<\/span>, SLEEP<\/span><\/td>\n\u092a<\/span>\u0924\u0902\u0917, \u092a<\/span>\u0932\u0902\u0917<\/span><\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u092b<\/span><\/td>\n<\/td>\n\u092b<\/span>\u0932, \u092b<\/span>\u091f\u0928\u093e<\/span><\/td>\n“\u092b<\/span>” is pronounced as “\u092a<\/span>,” but with aspiration (extra puff of air).<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u092c<\/span><\/td>\nTUB<\/span>, PUB<\/span><\/td>\n\u092c<\/span>\u0915\u0930\u0940, \u092c<\/span>\u0926\u0928<\/span><\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u092d<\/span><\/td>\n<\/td>\n\u092d<\/span>\u0932\u093e\u0908, \u092d<\/span>\u0930\u094b\u0938\u093e<\/span><\/td>\n“\u092d<\/span>” is pronounced as “\u092c<\/span>,” but with aspiration (extra puff of air).<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u092e<\/span><\/td>\nM<\/span>OM<\/span>, M<\/span>ONEY<\/td>\n\u092e<\/span>\u091b\u0932\u0940, \u092e<\/span>\u092e\u0924\u093e<\/span><\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u092f<\/span><\/td>\nY<\/span>ELLOW, Y<\/span>ES<\/td>\n\u092f<\/span>\u091c\u094d\u091e, \u092f<\/span>\u0936<\/span><\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0930<\/span><\/td>\nR<\/span>EST, R<\/span>IVER<\/td>\n\u0930<\/span>\u0938\u094d\u0938\u0940, \u0930<\/span>\u091a\u0928\u093e<\/span><\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0932<\/span><\/td>\nL<\/span>AMP, L<\/span>ARGE<\/td>\n\u0932<\/span>\u091f\u094d\u091f\u0942, \u0932<\/span>\u0921\u093c\u0915\u093e<\/span><\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0935<\/span><\/td>\nW<\/span>AY, W<\/span>INE<\/td>\n\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0940, \u0935\u0915\u0940\u0932<\/span><\/td>\nHindi has only “\u0935<\/span>” for English “W,” and “V.”<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0938<\/span><\/td>\nS<\/span>UN, S<\/span>ERVICE<\/td>\n\u0938<\/span>\u092c\u094d\u091c\u093c\u0940, \u0938<\/span>\u0921\u093c\u0915<\/span><\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0936<\/span><\/td>\nSH<\/span>OE, SH<\/span>INE<\/td>\n\u0936<\/span>\u0932\u0917\u092e, \u0936<\/span>\u0924<\/span><\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0937<\/span><\/td>\n<\/td>\n\u0937<\/span>\u091f\u094d\u092d\u0941\u091c, \u0937<\/span>\u0921\u094d\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930<\/span><\/td>\n“\u0937<\/span>” is pronounced as “\u0936<\/span>,” with the tongue at retroflex position.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0939<\/span><\/td>\nH<\/span>INDI, H<\/span>UB<\/td>\n\u0939<\/span>\u0930\u093e, \u0939<\/span>\u0930\u093f\u0928<\/span><\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0915\u094d\u0937<\/span><\/td>\n<\/td>\n\u0915\u094d\u0937<\/span>\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f, \u0935\u0943\u0915\u094d\u0937<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n“\u0915\u094d\u0937<\/span>”\u00a0 is a borrowed letter from Sanskrit. It does not have English equivalent.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0924\u094d\u0930<\/span><\/td>\n<\/td>\n\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930<\/span>, \u092a\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n“\u0924\u094d\u0930<\/span>”\u00a0 is a borrowed letter from Sanskrit. It does not have English equivalent.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u091c\u094d\u091e<\/span><\/td>\n<\/td>\n\u092f\u091c\u094d\u091e<\/span>,<\/span><\/td>\n“\u091c\u094d\u091e<\/span>”\u00a0 is a borrowed letter from Sanskrit. It does not have English equivalent.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Worksheet 2. Please practice writing these consonant letters<\/h3>\n

Worksheet 2. Hindi language learners can download the worksheet below to practice writing consonant letters.<\/p>\n

Worksheet 2 PDF<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n

Test Yourself<\/h3>\n

Activity 1: Match the followings<\/strong><\/h4>\n

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