{"id":290,"date":"2026-04-07T11:12:58","date_gmt":"2026-04-07T11:12:58","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ibooks.braou.ac.in\/aaohindiseekhein\/chapter\/chapter-8_grammar-perfective-aspect\/"},"modified":"2026-04-07T11:13:15","modified_gmt":"2026-04-07T11:13:15","slug":"chapter-8_grammar-perfective-aspect","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/ibooks.braou.ac.in\/aaohindiseekhein\/chapter\/chapter-8_grammar-perfective-aspect\/","title":{"raw":"8.6 Grammar: Perfective Aspect","rendered":"8.6 Grammar: Perfective Aspect"},"content":{"raw":"\n

Perfective Aspect Video<\/h2>\n

Instructor Video: <\/strong>Perfective Aspect<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n\n

Use of Perfective Markers with Different Subjects<\/h3>\nFuture markers are used based on the number, person and gender features of the agreeing subject.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Person<\/strong><\/th>\nSingular Pronoun<\/strong><\/th>\nPerfective markers<\/strong>\n\nMasculine\/Feminine<\/strong><\/th>\nPlural pronoun<\/strong><\/th>\nPerfective markers<\/strong>\n\nMasculine\/Feminine<\/strong><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n
1st<\/th>\n\u092e\u0948\u0902<\/span> \"I\"<\/td>\n-\u0906\/\u0908<\/span><\/td>\n\u0939\u092e<\/span> \"We\"<\/td>\n-\u090f\/\u0908\u0902<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
2nd<\/th>\n\u0924\u0942<\/span> \"You\"<\/td>\n-\u0906\/\u0908<\/span><\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
3rd<\/th>\n\u0924\u0941\u092e<\/span> \"You\"<\/td>\n-\u090f\/\u0908<\/span><\/td>\n\u0924\u0941\u092e (\u0932\u094b\u0917)<\/span> \"You\"<\/td>\n-\u090f\/\u0908\u0902<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0906\u092a<\/span> \"You\"<\/td>\n-\u090f\/\u0908\u0902<\/span><\/td>\n\u0906\u092a (\u0932\u094b\u0917)<\/span> \"You\"<\/td>\n-\u090f\/\u0908\u0902<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u092f\u0939\/\u0935\u0939<\/span> \"S\/he,\"  and  singular noun<\/td>\n-\u0906\/\u0908<\/span><\/td>\n\u092f\u0947\/\u0935\u0947<\/span> \"They,\" and plural nouns<\/td>\n-\u090f\/\u0908\u0902<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Notes:<\/strong><\/h4>\n

(a) When subject of a sentence is of mixed gender please use plural masculine aspect marker.<\/p>\n(b) When the verb stem ends in consonant then vowels of the aspect markers are marked as dependent vowels. For example: \u092c\u094b\u0932\u093e\/\u092c\u094b\u0932\u0940, \u092a\u0922\u093c\u0947\/\u092a\u0922\u093c\u0940, \u0916\u0947\u0932\u0947\/\u0916\u0947\u0932\u0940\u0902<\/span>, etc.\n\n(c) When the verb stem ends in vowel then the aspect markers -\u0906\/-\u090f<\/span> are attached using a semi-consonant \u092f<\/span>. For example: \u0917\u093e\u092f\u093e\/\u0917\u093e\u092f\u0940, \u0906\u092f\u093e\/\u0906\u092f\u0940, \u0916\u093e\u092f\u0947\/\u0916\u093e\u092f\u0940\u0902<\/span>,  etc. Additionally, when the verb stem ends in long ii (\u0908<\/span>), it is changes in short i (\u0907<\/span>) before adding perfective marker, using the semi-vowel \u092f<\/span>. For example: \u0938\u093f\u092f\u093e\/\u0938\u093f\u092f\u0947\/\u0938\u0940\/\u0938\u0940\u0902, \u092a\u093f\u092f\u093e\/\u092a\u093f\u092f\u0947\/\u092a\u0940\/\u092a\u0940\u0902<\/span>, etc.\n\n(d)  When the verb stem ends in long uu (\u090a<\/span>), it is changes in short u (\u0909<\/span>) before adding perfective marker, without using the semi-vowel \u092f<\/span>. For example: \u091b\u0941\u0906\/\u091b\u0941\u090f\/\u091b\u0941\u0908\/\u091b\u0941\u0908\u0902<\/span>, etc.\n

Irregular Verbs in Perfective Aspect<\/h2>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Verb<\/strong><\/th>\n-\u0906<\/span> <\/strong><\/th>\n-\u090f<\/span> <\/strong><\/th>\n-\u0907<\/span> <\/strong><\/th>\n-\u0908\u0902<\/span> <\/strong><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n
\u091c\u093e\u0928\u093e<\/span>  \"To go\"<\/td>\n\u0917\u092f\u093e<\/span><\/td>\n\u0917\u092f\u0947\/\u0917\u090f<\/span><\/td>\n\u0917\u092f\u0940\/\u0917\u0908<\/span><\/td>\n\u0917\u092f\u0940\u0902\/\u0917\u0908\u0902<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e<\/span> \"To do\"<\/td>\n\u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e<\/span><\/td>\n\u0915\u093f\u092f\u0947\/\u0915\u093f\u090f<\/span><\/td>\n\u0915\u0940<\/span><\/td>\n\u0915\u0940\u0902<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0939\u094b\u0928\u093e<\/span> \"To be\/happen\"<\/td>\n\u0939\u0941\u0906<\/span><\/td>\n\u0939\u0941\u092f\u0947\/\u0939\u0941\u090f<\/span><\/td>\n\u0939\u0941\u0908<\/span><\/td>\n\u0939\u0941\u0908\u0902<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0932\u0947\u0928\u093e<\/span> \"To take\"<\/td>\n\u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e<\/span><\/td>\n\u0932\u093f\u092f\u0947\/\u0932\u093f\u090f<\/span><\/td>\n\u0932\u0940<\/span><\/td>\n\u0932\u0940\u0902<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0926\u0947\u0928\u093e<\/span> \"To give\"<\/td>\n\u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e<\/span><\/td>\n\u0926\u093f\u092f\u0947\/\u0926\u093f\u090f<\/span><\/td>\n\u0926\u0940<\/span><\/td>\n\u0926\u0940\u0902<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Perfective Aspect with Intransitive Verbs<\/h2>\nWe have learned that main verb can be classified in three categories (a) intransitive verb, (b) transitive verb, and (c) ditransitive verb. The structure of perfective aspect for the intransitive verbs is different from the structure of the transitive and the ditransitive verbs.\n\nWe also learn that intransitive verb is a verb that requires only one noun\/pronoun in a complete sentence and that noun\/pronoun can be either the subject or the object of that complete sentence.\n\nVerb agreement: As the intransitive verb requires only one noun\/pronoun that can act like a subject or an object, the verb agrees with subject or object, whichever is available in a sentence.\n

Perfective aspect with Intransitive Verbs in Three Tenses<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n\n\n
Simple perfect<\/th>\nPast perfect<\/th>\nPresent perfect<\/th>\nFuture perfect<\/th>\nRemarks<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n
\n
    \n \t
  • \u0935\u0939 \u0926\u094c\u0921\u093c\u093e |<\/span> \"He ran.\"<\/li>\n \t
  • \u0906\u092a \u0938\u094b\u092f\u0940\u0902 |<\/span> \"You slept.\"<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n
\n
    \n \t
  • \u0935\u0939 \u0926\u094c\u0921\u093c\u093e<\/span> \u0925\u093e<\/span> | \"He had run.\"<\/li>\n \t
  • \u0906\u092a \u0938\u094b\u092f\u0940<\/span> \u0925\u0940\u0902<\/span> | \"You had slept.\"<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n
\n
    \n \t
  • \u0935\u0939 \u0926\u094c\u0921\u093c\u093e<\/span> \u0939\u0948<\/span> | \"He has run.\"<\/li>\n \t
  • \u0906\u092a \u0938\u094b\u092f\u0940<\/span> \u0939\u0948\u0902<\/span> | \"You have slept.\"<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n
\n
    \n \t
  • \u0935\u0939 \u0926\u094c\u0921\u093c\u093e<\/span> \u0939\u094b\u0917\u093e<\/span> | \"He would have run.\"<\/li>\n \t
  • \u0906\u092a \u0938\u094b\u092f\u0940<\/span> \u0939\u094b\u0902\u0917\u0940<\/span> | \"You would have slept.\"<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n
Subject-Verb Agreement: \u0935\u0939<\/span> \"He\" and \u0906\u092a<\/span> \"You\" are subject of these sentences. You ask question \"Who ran?\" or \"Who slept?\" What you receive as an answer is an subject.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n
    \n \t
  • \u091f\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0928 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a\u0940 |<\/span> \"Train arrived.\"<\/li>\n \t
  • \u092a\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0947 \u0917\u093f\u0930\u0947 |<\/span> \"Leaves fell.\"<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n
\n
    \n \t
  • \u091f\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0928 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a\u0940<\/span> \u0925\u0940<\/span> | \"Train has arrived.\"<\/li>\n \t
  • \u092a\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0947 \u0917\u093f\u0930\u0947<\/span> \u0925\u0947<\/span> | \"Leaves had fallen.\"<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n
\n
    \n \t
  • \u091f\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0928 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a\u0940<\/span> \u0939\u0948<\/span> | \"Train has arrived.\"<\/li>\n \t
  • \u092a\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0947 \u0917\u093f\u0930\u0947<\/span> \u0939\u0948\u0902<\/span> | \"Leaves have fallen.\"<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n
\n
    \n \t
  • \u091f\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0928 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a\u0940<\/span> \u0939\u094b\u0917\u0940<\/span> | \"Train would have arrived.\"<\/li>\n \t
  • \u092a\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0947 \u0917\u093f\u0930\u0947<\/span> \u0939\u094b\u0902\u0917\u0947<\/span> | \"Leaves would have fallen.\"<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n
Object-Verb Agreement: Train and Leaves are object of these sentences. You ask question \"What\" arrived?\" or \"What fell?\" What you receive as an answer is an object.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Activity 1<\/strong><\/h4>\nPlease write two sentences in perfective aspect using the following intransitive verbs.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Intransitive verbs<\/strong><\/th>\nSentences <\/strong><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n
[pb_glossary id=\"400\"]\u091c\u093e\u0928\u093e<\/span>[\/pb_glossary] \"to go\"<\/td>\n\n
    \n \t
  • 1.<\/li>\n \t
  • 2.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0906\u0928\u093e<\/span> \"To come\"<\/td>\n\n
    \n \t
  • 1.<\/li>\n \t
  • 2.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u092c\u0948\u0920\u0928\u093e<\/span> \"To sit\"<\/td>\n\n
    \n \t
  • 1.<\/li>\n \t
  • 2.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0938\u094b\u0928\u093e<\/span> \"To sleep\"<\/td>\n\n
    \n \t
  • 1.<\/li>\n \t
  • 2.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u091f\u0939\u0932\u0928\u093e<\/span>  \"To stroll\"<\/td>\n\n
    \n \t
  • 1.<\/li>\n \t
  • 2.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0917\u093f\u0930\u0928\u093e<\/span> \"To fall\"<\/td>\n\n
    \n \t
  • 1.<\/li>\n \t
  • 2.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0926\u094c\u0921\u093c\u0928\u093e<\/span> \"To run\"<\/td>\n\n
    \n \t
  • 1.<\/li>\n \t
  • 2.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u091f\u0942\u091f\u0928\u093e<\/span> \"To be broken\"<\/td>\n\n
    \n \t
  • 1.<\/li>\n \t
  • 2.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0930\u094b\u0928\u093e<\/span> \"To cry\/weep\"<\/td>\n\n
    \n \t
  • 1.<\/li>\n \t
  • 2.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0939\u0901\u0938\u0928\u093e<\/span> \"To laugh\"<\/td>\n\n
    \n \t
  • 1.<\/li>\n \t
  • 2.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a\u0928\u093e<\/span> \"To arrive\"<\/td>\n\n