{"id":275,"date":"2026-04-07T11:12:46","date_gmt":"2026-04-07T11:12:46","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ibooks.braou.ac.in\/aaohindiseekhein\/chapter\/chapter-7_grammar-the-present-and-past-habitual-tense\/"},"modified":"2026-04-07T11:12:47","modified_gmt":"2026-04-07T11:12:47","slug":"chapter-7_grammar-the-present-and-past-habitual-tense","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/ibooks.braou.ac.in\/aaohindiseekhein\/chapter\/chapter-7_grammar-the-present-and-past-habitual-tense\/","title":{"raw":"7.7 Grammar: The present and past habitual tense","rendered":"7.7 Grammar: The present and past habitual tense"},"content":{"raw":"\n<h2>The Present and Past Habitual Tense Video<\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\"><strong>Instructor Video: <a href=\"https:\/\/mediaspace.msu.edu\/media\/Chapter+7_Habitual+Aspect\/1_yyomitfd\">The Present and Past Habitual Tense<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n\n<h1>Structure<\/h1>\n<table class=\"grid\" style=\"border-collapse: collapse;width: 100%\" border=\"0\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"width: 10.521%;text-align: center\" scope=\"col\"><strong>Verb stem<\/strong><\/th>\n<th style=\"width: 14.0392%;text-align: center\" scope=\"col\"><strong>Habitual aspect marker<\/strong><\/th>\n<th style=\"width: 35.6901%;text-align: center\" scope=\"col\"><strong>Present tense<\/strong><\/th>\n<th style=\"width: 39.7497%;text-align: center\" scope=\"col\"><strong>Past tense<\/strong><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 10.521%;text-align: center\"><strong><span lang=\"hi\">\u0916\u093e, \u091c\u093e<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 14.0392%;text-align: center\"><strong><span lang=\"hi\">-\u0924\u093e\/-\u0924\u0947\/-\u0924\u0940<\/span>&nbsp;<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 35.6901%;text-align: center\"><strong><span lang=\"hi\">\u0939\u0942\u0901, \u0939\u094b, \u0939\u0948, \u0939\u0948\u0902<\/span>&nbsp;<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 39.7497%;text-align: center\"><strong><span lang=\"hi\">\u0925\u093e, \u0925\u0947, \u0925\u0940, \u0925\u0940\u0902<\/span>&nbsp;<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"width: 10.521%\" scope=\"row\"><strong>Example:<\/strong><\/th>\n<td style=\"width: 14.0392%\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 35.6901%\">\n<ul>\n \t<li><span lang=\"hi\">\u092e\u0948\u0902 \u0906\u092e \u0916\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0942\u0901 |<\/span> \"I eat mangoes.\"<\/li>\n \t<li><span lang=\"hi\">\u0935\u0939 \u0906\u0920 \u092c\u091c\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0915\u0942\u0932 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 |<\/span> \"He goes to school at 8 o'clock.\"<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 39.7497%\">\n<ul>\n \t<li><span lang=\"hi\">\u092e\u0948\u0902 \u0906\u092e \u0916\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0925\u093e |<\/span> \"I used to eat mangoes.\"<\/li>\n \t<li><span lang=\"hi\">\u0935\u0939 \u0906\u0920 \u092c\u091c\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0915\u0942\u0932 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0925\u093e |<\/span> \"He used to go to school at 8 o'clock.\"<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center\">Use of Habitual Aspect Marker with Different Subjects<\/h2>\nHabitual markers (<span lang=\"hi\">-\u0924\u093e, -\u0924\u0947, -\u0924\u0940<\/span>) are used based on the number, person and gender features of the agreeing subject.\n<table class=\"grid\" style=\"border-collapse: collapse;width: 100%\" border=\"0\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"width: 11.2043%\" scope=\"col\">Person<\/th>\n<th style=\"width: 21.2179%\" scope=\"col\">Singular Pronoun<\/th>\n<th style=\"width: 21.8944%\" scope=\"col\">Habitual markers\n\nMasculine\/Feminine<\/th>\n<th style=\"width: 22.1651%\" scope=\"col\">Plural pronoun<\/th>\n<th style=\"width: 23.5183%\" scope=\"col\">Habitual markers\n\nMasculine\/Feminine<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"width: 11.2043%\" scope=\"row\">1st<\/th>\n<td style=\"width: 21.2179%\"><span lang=\"hi\">\u092e\u0948\u0902<\/span> \"I\"<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 21.8944%\"><span lang=\"hi\">-\u0924\u093e\/-\u0924\u0940<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 22.1651%\"><span lang=\"hi\">\u0939\u092e<\/span> \"We\"<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 23.5183%\"><span lang=\"hi\">-\u0924\u0947\/-\u0924\u0940<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"width: 11.2043%\" scope=\"row\">2nd<\/th>\n<td style=\"width: 21.2179%\"><span lang=\"hi\">\u0924\u0942<\/span> \"You\"<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 21.8944%\"><span lang=\"hi\">-\u0924\u093e\/-\u0924\u0940<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 22.1651%\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 23.5183%\">NA<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"width: 11.2043%\" rowspan=\"3\" scope=\"rowgroup\">3rd<\/th>\n<td style=\"width: 21.2179%\"><span lang=\"hi\">\u0924\u0941\u092e<\/span> \"You\"<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 21.8944%\"><span lang=\"hi\">-\u0924\u0947\/-\u0924\u0940<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 22.1651%\"><span lang=\"hi\">\u0924\u0941\u092e (\u0932\u094b\u0917)<\/span> \"You\"<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 23.5183%\"><span lang=\"hi\">-\u0924\u0947\/-\u0924\u0940<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 21.2179%\"><span lang=\"hi\">\u0906\u092a<\/span> \"You\"<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 21.8944%\"><span lang=\"hi\">-\u0924\u0947\/-\u0924\u0940<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 22.1651%\"><span lang=\"hi\">\u0906\u092a (\u0932\u094b\u0917)<\/span> \"You\"<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 23.5183%\"><span lang=\"hi\">-\u0924\u0947\/-\u0924\u0940<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 21.2179%\"><span lang=\"hi\">\u092f\u0939\/\u0935\u0939<\/span> \"S\/he,\"&nbsp; and&nbsp; singular noun<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 21.8944%\"><span lang=\"hi\">-\u0924\u093e\/-\u0924\u0940<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 22.1651%\"><span lang=\"hi\">\u092f\u0947\/\u0935\u0947<\/span> \"They,\" and plural nouns<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 23.5183%\"><span lang=\"hi\">-\u0924\u0947\/-\u0924\u0940<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\"><strong>Note:<\/strong> When subject of a sentence is of mixed gender please use plural masculine aspect marker.<\/p>\n\n<h2>Negation of Habitual Aspect<\/h2>\nIn order to change habitual aspect sentences in negative, we use the word <span lang=\"hi\">\u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902<\/span> right before the verb. When habitual sentences appear in negative, generally, the verb \"to be\" in present (<span lang=\"hi\">\u0939\u0942\u0901, \u0939\u094b, \u0939\u0948, \u0939\u0948\u0902<\/span>) are dropped. However, in the past form of verb \"to be\" (<span lang=\"hi\">\u0925\u093e, \u0925\u0947, \u0925\u0940, \u0925\u0940\u0902<\/span>) are not dropped.\n\nExamples:\n<ul>\n \t<li><span lang=\"hi\">\u0932\u0921\u093c\u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0902 \u092b\u0941\u091f\u092c\u0949\u0932 \u0916\u0947\u0932\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902 |<\/span> \"Girls play football.\"<\/li>\n \t<li><span lang=\"hi\">\u0932\u0921\u093c\u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0902 \u092b\u0941\u091f\u092c\u0949\u0932 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0916\u0947\u0932\u0924\u0940\u0902 |<\/span> \"Girls do not play football.\"<\/li>\n \t<li><span lang=\"hi\">\u0906\u092a \u0939\u0930 \u0926\u093f\u0928 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u093e \u0915\u092e\u0930\u093e \u0938\u093e\u092b\u093c \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0925\u0947 |<\/span> \"You used to clean your room everyday.\"<\/li>\n \t<li><span lang=\"hi\">\u0906\u092a \u0939\u0930 \u0926\u093f\u0928 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u093e \u0915\u092e\u0930\u093e \u0938\u093e\u092b\u093c \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0925\u0947 |<\/span> \"Yo used not to clean your room everyday.\"<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<strong>Note:<\/strong> Please notice the extra nasal dot in negative sentences with subject <span lang=\"hi\">\u0932\u0921\u093c\u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0902<\/span> \"girls.\" As we drop the verb \"to be,\" the dot indicates the plural feminine subject in contrast to singular feminine subject.\n<h2>Uses of Habitual Aspect<\/h2>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: left\">(a) To express routine actions<\/h3>\nExamples:\n<ul>\n \t<li><span lang=\"hi\">\u092e\u0948\u0902 \u091a\u093e\u0930 \u092c\u091c\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0917\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0942\u0901 |<\/span> \"I get up at 4 o'clock.\"<\/li>\n \t<li><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 14pt\"><span lang=\"hi\">\u092e\u0948\u0902 \u092a\u093e\u0902\u091a \u092c\u091c\u0947 \u091a\u093e\u092f \u092a\u0940\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0942\u0901 |<\/span> \"I drink tea at 5 o'clock.\"<\/span><\/li>\n \t<li><span lang=\"hi\">\u092e\u0948\u0902 \u0906\u0920 \u092c\u091c\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0915\u0942\u0932 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0942\u0901 |<\/span> \"I go to school at 8 o'clock.\"<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<strong>Activity:<\/strong>\n\nPlease add five more examples here. After writing your examples please change your sentences in negative and past tense.\n<table class=\"grid\" style=\"border-collapse: collapse;width: 100%\" border=\"0\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 4.56698%\"><\/td>\n<th style=\"width: 39.6143%\" scope=\"col\">Examples<\/th>\n<th style=\"width: 30.8187%\" scope=\"col\">Negative<\/th>\n<th style=\"width: 25%\" scope=\"col\">Past tense<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"width: 4.56698%\" scope=\"row\">1.<\/th>\n<td style=\"width: 39.6143%\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 30.8187%\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25%\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"width: 4.56698%\" scope=\"row\">2.<\/th>\n<td style=\"width: 39.6143%\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 30.8187%\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25%\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"width: 4.56698%\" scope=\"row\">3.<\/th>\n<td style=\"width: 39.6143%\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 30.8187%\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25%\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"width: 4.56698%\" scope=\"row\">4.<\/th>\n<td style=\"width: 39.6143%\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 30.8187%\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25%\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"width: 4.56698%\" scope=\"row\">5.<\/th>\n<td style=\"width: 39.6143%\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 30.8187%\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25%\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: left\"><strong>(b) To express habitual actions<\/strong><\/h3>\nExamples:\n<ul>\n \t<li><span lang=\"hi\">\u0938\u0940\u0924\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0922\u093c\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 |<\/span> \"Sita reads books.\"<\/li>\n \t<li><span lang=\"hi\">\u0930\u093e\u0939\u0941\u0932 \u0917\u093f\u091f\u093e\u0930 \u092c\u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 |<\/span> \"Rahul plays guitar.\"<\/li>\n \t<li><span lang=\"hi\">\u090b\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u093f\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0947\u091f \u092a\u0940\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 |<\/span> \"Hrithik smokes.\"<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<strong>Activity:<\/strong>\n\nPlease add five more examples here. After writing your examples please change your sentences in negative and past tense.\n<table class=\"grid\" style=\"border-collapse: collapse;width: 100%\" border=\"0\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 4.56698%\"><\/td>\n<th style=\"width: 39.6143%\" scope=\"col\">Examples<\/th>\n<th style=\"width: 30.8187%\" scope=\"col\">Negative<\/th>\n<th style=\"width: 25%\" scope=\"col\">Past tense<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"width: 4.56698%\" scope=\"row\">1.<\/th>\n<td style=\"width: 39.6143%\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 30.8187%\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25%\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"width: 4.56698%\" scope=\"row\">2.<\/th>\n<td style=\"width: 39.6143%\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 30.8187%\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25%\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"width: 4.56698%\" scope=\"row\">3.<\/th>\n<td style=\"width: 39.6143%\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 30.8187%\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25%\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"width: 4.56698%\" scope=\"row\">4.<\/th>\n<td style=\"width: 39.6143%\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 30.8187%\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25%\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"width: 4.56698%\" scope=\"row\">5.<\/th>\n<td style=\"width: 39.6143%\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 30.8187%\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25%\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: left\"><strong>(c) To express permanent actions<\/strong><\/h3>\nExamples:\n<ul>\n \t<li><span lang=\"hi\">\u092a\u0940\u091f\u0930 \u092e\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0917\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0930\u0939\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 |<\/span> \"Peter lives in Michigan.\"<\/li>\n \t<li><span lang=\"hi\">\u091c\u0947\u0928 \u092f\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0915\u093e\u092e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 |<\/span> \"Jen works here.\"<\/li>\n \t<li><span lang=\"hi\">\u092e\u0948\u0902 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0915\u093e \u0906\u0926\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0942\u0901 |<\/span> \"I respect my teacher.\"<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<strong>Activity:<\/strong>\n\nPlease add five more examples here. After writing your examples please change your sentences in negative and past tense.\n<table class=\"grid\" style=\"border-collapse: collapse;width: 100%\" border=\"0\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 4.56698%\"><\/td>\n<th style=\"width: 39.6143%\" scope=\"col\">Examples<\/th>\n<th style=\"width: 30.8187%\" scope=\"col\">Negative<\/th>\n<th style=\"width: 25%\" scope=\"col\">Past tense<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"width: 4.56698%\" scope=\"row\">1.<\/th>\n<td style=\"width: 39.6143%\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 30.8187%\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25%\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"width: 4.56698%\" scope=\"row\">2.<\/th>\n<td style=\"width: 39.6143%\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 30.8187%\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25%\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"width: 4.56698%\" scope=\"row\">3.<\/th>\n<td style=\"width: 39.6143%\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 30.8187%\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25%\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"width: 4.56698%\" scope=\"row\">4.<\/th>\n<td style=\"width: 39.6143%\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 30.8187%\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25%\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"width: 4.56698%\" scope=\"row\">5.<\/th>\n<td style=\"width: 39.6143%\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 30.8187%\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25%\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: left\"><strong>(d) To express general\/universal truth.<\/strong><\/h3>\nExamples:\n<ul>\n \t<li><span lang=\"hi\">\u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u0938\u0942\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948|<\/span> \"The earth revolves around the sun.\"<\/li>\n \t<li><span lang=\"hi\">\u0906\u092e \u0924\u094c\u0930 \u0938\u0947, \u0917\u0941\u0932\u093e\u092c \u0932\u093e\u0932 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902|<\/span> \"Generally, roses are red.\"<\/li>\n \t<li><span lang=\"hi\">\u092e\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0917\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902, \u092c\u0930\u094d\u092b\u093c\u092c\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 |<\/span> \"It snows in Michigan.\"<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<strong>Activity:<\/strong>\n\nPlease add five more examples here. After writing your examples please change your sentences in negative and past tense.\n<table class=\"grid\" style=\"border-collapse: collapse;width: 100%\" border=\"0\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 4.56698%\"><\/td>\n<th style=\"width: 39.6143%\" scope=\"col\">Examples<\/th>\n<th style=\"width: 30.8187%\" scope=\"col\">Negative<\/th>\n<th style=\"width: 25%\" scope=\"col\">Past tense<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"width: 4.56698%\" scope=\"row\">1.<\/th>\n<td style=\"width: 39.6143%\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 30.8187%\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25%\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"width: 4.56698%\" scope=\"row\">2.<\/th>\n<td style=\"width: 39.6143%\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 30.8187%\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25%\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"width: 4.56698%\" scope=\"row\">3.<\/th>\n<td style=\"width: 39.6143%\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 30.8187%\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25%\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"width: 4.56698%\" scope=\"row\">4.<\/th>\n<td style=\"width: 39.6143%\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 30.8187%\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25%\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"width: 4.56698%\" scope=\"row\">5.<\/th>\n<td style=\"width: 39.6143%\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 30.8187%\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25%\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: left\"><strong>(e) To narrate a story and to express series of events:<\/strong><\/h3>\nWhen narrating a story, background information is generally expressed using habitual (imperfective aspect) construction. Whereas, the foreground information is expressed using perfective aspect. Habitual construction (background information) in the story below is highlighted.\n\nExample:\n<ul>\n \t<li lang=\"hi\">\u090f\u0915 \u091c\u0902\u0917\u0932 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0915 \u0936\u0947\u0930 <strong>\u0930\u0939\u0924\u093e<\/strong> \u0925\u093e| \u0909\u0938\u0940 \u091c\u0902\u0917\u0932 \u092e\u0947\u0902, \u090f\u0915 \u091a\u0942\u0939\u093e \u092d\u0940 <strong>\u0930\u0939\u0924\u093e<\/strong> \u0925\u093e | \u090f\u0915 \u0926\u093f\u0928 \u0936\u0947\u0930 \u091a\u0942\u0939\u0947 \u0938\u0947 <strong>\u0915\u0939\u0924\u093e<\/strong> \u0915\u093f \u092e\u0948\u0902 \u0924\u0941\u092e\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u0916\u093e \u091c\u093e\u090a\u0901\u0917\u093e | \u091a\u0942\u0939\u093e <strong>\u0915\u0939\u0924\u093e<\/strong> \u0939\u0948 \"\u092e\u0941\u091d\u0947 \u092e\u0924 \u0916\u093e\u0907\u090f|\" \u090f\u0915 \u0926\u093f\u0928 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0936\u0947\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0932 \u092e\u0947\u0902 <strong>\u092b\u0938\u093e\u0924\u093e<\/strong> \u0939\u0948 \u0924\u092c \u091a\u0942\u0939\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0932 <strong>\u0915\u093e\u091f\u0924\u093e<\/strong> \u0939\u0948| \u0907\u0938 \u0924\u0930\u0939 \u091a\u0942\u0939\u093e \u0936\u0947\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u092e\u0926\u0926 <strong>\u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e<\/strong> \u0939\u0948 |<\/li>\n \t<li>\"A lion lived in a forest. In the same forest, a mouse also lived. One day the lion says to the rats that I will eat you. The Rat says \"please don't eat me.\" One day the hunter traps the lion into the net then the rat bites the net. This is how the rat helps the lion.\"<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: left\"><strong>(f) To express impersonal sentences<\/strong><\/h3>\nExamples:\n<ul>\n \t<li><span lang=\"hi\">\u0932\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0939\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0915\u093f<\/span> ... \"People say that...\"<\/li>\n \t<li><span lang=\"hi\">(\u0906\u092a) \u0939\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0926\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902<\/span> \"flower\" <span lang=\"hi\">\u0915\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0939\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 ?<\/span> How do you say \"flower\" in Hindi.<\/li>\n \t<li><span lang=\"hi\">\u092f\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0905\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0940 \u091a\u093e\u092f \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948|<\/span> Good tea is available here.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<strong>Activity:<\/strong>\n\nPlease add five more examples here. After writing your examples please change your sentences in negative and past tense.\n<table class=\"grid\" style=\"border-collapse: collapse;width: 100%\" border=\"0\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 4.56698%\"><\/td>\n<th style=\"width: 39.6143%\" scope=\"col\">Examples<\/th>\n<th style=\"width: 30.8187%\" scope=\"col\">Negative<\/th>\n<th style=\"width: 25%\" scope=\"col\">Past tense<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"width: 4.56698%\" scope=\"row\">1.<\/th>\n<td style=\"width: 39.6143%\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 30.8187%\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25%\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"width: 4.56698%\" scope=\"row\">2.<\/th>\n<td style=\"width: 39.6143%\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 30.8187%\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25%\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"width: 4.56698%\" scope=\"row\">3.<\/th>\n<td style=\"width: 39.6143%\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 30.8187%\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25%\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"width: 4.56698%\" scope=\"row\">4.<\/th>\n<td style=\"width: 39.6143%\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 30.8187%\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25%\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"width: 4.56698%\" scope=\"row\">5.<\/th>\n<td style=\"width: 39.6143%\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 30.8187%\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25%\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: left\"><strong>(g) To express immediate future action by adding adverbs like <span lang=\"hi\">\u0905\u092d\u0940<\/span> \"right away,\" and <span lang=\"hi\">\u091a\u0932\u093f\u090f<\/span> \"let's.\"<\/strong><\/h3>\nExamples:\n<ul>\n \t<li><span lang=\"hi\">\u092e\u0948\u0902 \u0905\u092d\u0940 \u0906\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0942\u0901 |<\/span> \"I will come right away.\"<\/li>\n \t<li><span lang=\"hi\">\u091a\u0932\u093f\u090f, \u090f\u0915 \u092b\u093c\u093f\u0932\u094d\u092e \u0926\u0947\u0916\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 |<\/span> \"Let's watch a film.\"<\/li>\n \t<li><span lang=\"hi\">\u0930\u094b\u0913 \u092e\u0924, \u092e\u093e\u0901 \u0905\u092d\u0940 \u0924\u0941\u092e\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u0916\u093e\u0928\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 |<\/span> \"Don't cry, mother will give you food right away.\"<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Uses of the Past Habitual Tense<\/h2>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: left\"><strong>(a) The past habitual tense is generally used to express past habit, routine, permanent actions.<\/strong><\/h3>\nExamples:\n<ul>\n \t<li><span lang=\"hi\">\u092e\u0948\u0902 \u092a\u093f\u091b\u0932\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0932 \u0926\u0938 \u092c\u091c\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0915\u0942\u0932 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0925\u093e |<\/span> \"I used to go to school at 10 o'clock last year.\"<\/li>\n \t<li><span lang=\"hi\">\u0906\u092a \u0939\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0926\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0930\u0939\u0924\u0940 \u0925\u0940\u0902 ?<\/span> \"Where used you to live in India?\"<\/li>\n \t<li><span lang=\"hi\">\u092a\u093f\u091b\u0932\u0947 \u092e\u0939\u0940\u0928\u0947 \u0924\u0915, \u092e\u0947\u0930\u093e \u092d\u093e\u0908 \u0939\u0930 \u0926\u093f\u0928 \u092e\u0941\u091d \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0925\u093e |<\/span> \"My brother used to talk to me everyday till last month.\"<\/li>\n<\/ul>\nActivity:\n\nPlease add five more examples here. After writing your examples please change your sentences in negative and past tense.\n<table class=\"grid\" style=\"border-collapse: collapse;width: 100%\" border=\"0\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 4.56698%\"><\/td>\n<th style=\"width: 39.6143%\" scope=\"col\">Examples<\/th>\n<th style=\"width: 30.8187%\" scope=\"col\">Negative<\/th>\n<th style=\"width: 25%\" scope=\"col\">Past tense<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"width: 4.56698%\" scope=\"row\">1.<\/th>\n<td style=\"width: 39.6143%\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 30.8187%\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25%\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"width: 4.56698%\" scope=\"row\">2.<\/th>\n<td style=\"width: 39.6143%\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 30.8187%\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25%\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"width: 4.56698%\" scope=\"row\">3.<\/th>\n<td style=\"width: 39.6143%\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 30.8187%\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25%\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"width: 4.56698%\" scope=\"row\">4.<\/th>\n<td style=\"width: 39.6143%\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 30.8187%\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25%\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"width: 4.56698%\" scope=\"row\">5.<\/th>\n<td style=\"width: 39.6143%\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 30.8187%\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25%\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center\"><strong>Activities<\/strong><\/h3>\n(a) Please choose the correct form of habitual aspect marker based on the subject of the sentence.\n\n[h5p id=\"113\"]\n\n(b) Please write your daily routine of this semester\/year. After writing your daily routine compare it will last semester\/year. [Hint: Please use present habitual for current daily routine, and use past habitual for last semester\/year]\n\n(c) Please ask your friends about their hobbies and enlist them here. [Hint: Use <span lang=\"hi\">\u0906\u092a \u0916\u093c\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947\/\u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902?<\/span> \"What do you do in your free time?\" to ask their hobbies.]\n\n(d) Please watch a short film, and write the story in Hindi. After writing, please record yourself here and share your story with the instructor\/any native speaker for the feedback.\n\n[h5p id=\"112\"]\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><strong><span lang=\"hi\">\u0927\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0935\u093e\u0926 !<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n","rendered":"<h2>The Present and Past Habitual Tense Video<\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\"><strong>Instructor Video: <a href=\"https:\/\/mediaspace.msu.edu\/media\/Chapter+7_Habitual+Aspect\/1_yyomitfd\">The Present and Past Habitual Tense<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n<h1>Structure<\/h1>\n<table class=\"grid\" style=\"border-collapse: collapse;width: 100%\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"width: 10.521%;text-align: center\" scope=\"col\"><strong>Verb stem<\/strong><\/th>\n<th style=\"width: 14.0392%;text-align: center\" scope=\"col\"><strong>Habitual aspect marker<\/strong><\/th>\n<th style=\"width: 35.6901%;text-align: center\" scope=\"col\"><strong>Present tense<\/strong><\/th>\n<th style=\"width: 39.7497%;text-align: center\" scope=\"col\"><strong>Past tense<\/strong><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 10.521%;text-align: center\"><strong><span lang=\"hi\">\u0916\u093e, \u091c\u093e<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 14.0392%;text-align: center\"><strong><span lang=\"hi\">-\u0924\u093e\/-\u0924\u0947\/-\u0924\u0940<\/span>&nbsp;<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 35.6901%;text-align: center\"><strong><span lang=\"hi\">\u0939\u0942\u0901, \u0939\u094b, \u0939\u0948, \u0939\u0948\u0902<\/span>&nbsp;<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 39.7497%;text-align: center\"><strong><span lang=\"hi\">\u0925\u093e, \u0925\u0947, \u0925\u0940, \u0925\u0940\u0902<\/span>&nbsp;<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"width: 10.521%\" scope=\"row\"><strong>Example:<\/strong><\/th>\n<td style=\"width: 14.0392%\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 35.6901%\">\n<ul>\n<li><span lang=\"hi\">\u092e\u0948\u0902 \u0906\u092e \u0916\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0942\u0901 |<\/span> &#8220;I eat mangoes.&#8221;<\/li>\n<li><span lang=\"hi\">\u0935\u0939 \u0906\u0920 \u092c\u091c\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0915\u0942\u0932 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 |<\/span> &#8220;He goes to school at 8 o&#8217;clock.&#8221;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 39.7497%\">\n<ul>\n<li><span lang=\"hi\">\u092e\u0948\u0902 \u0906\u092e \u0916\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0925\u093e |<\/span> &#8220;I used to eat mangoes.&#8221;<\/li>\n<li><span lang=\"hi\">\u0935\u0939 \u0906\u0920 \u092c\u091c\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0915\u0942\u0932 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0925\u093e |<\/span> &#8220;He used to go to school at 8 o&#8217;clock.&#8221;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center\">Use of Habitual Aspect Marker with Different Subjects<\/h2>\n<p>Habitual markers (<span lang=\"hi\">-\u0924\u093e, -\u0924\u0947, -\u0924\u0940<\/span>) are used based on the number, person and gender features of the agreeing subject.<\/p>\n<table class=\"grid\" style=\"border-collapse: collapse;width: 100%\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"width: 11.2043%\" scope=\"col\">Person<\/th>\n<th style=\"width: 21.2179%\" scope=\"col\">Singular Pronoun<\/th>\n<th style=\"width: 21.8944%\" scope=\"col\">Habitual markers<\/p>\n<p>Masculine\/Feminine<\/th>\n<th style=\"width: 22.1651%\" scope=\"col\">Plural pronoun<\/th>\n<th style=\"width: 23.5183%\" scope=\"col\">Habitual markers<\/p>\n<p>Masculine\/Feminine<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"width: 11.2043%\" scope=\"row\">1st<\/th>\n<td style=\"width: 21.2179%\"><span lang=\"hi\">\u092e\u0948\u0902<\/span> &#8220;I&#8221;<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 21.8944%\"><span lang=\"hi\">-\u0924\u093e\/-\u0924\u0940<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 22.1651%\"><span lang=\"hi\">\u0939\u092e<\/span> &#8220;We&#8221;<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 23.5183%\"><span lang=\"hi\">-\u0924\u0947\/-\u0924\u0940<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"width: 11.2043%\" scope=\"row\">2nd<\/th>\n<td style=\"width: 21.2179%\"><span lang=\"hi\">\u0924\u0942<\/span> &#8220;You&#8221;<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 21.8944%\"><span lang=\"hi\">-\u0924\u093e\/-\u0924\u0940<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 22.1651%\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 23.5183%\">NA<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"width: 11.2043%\" rowspan=\"3\" scope=\"rowgroup\">3rd<\/th>\n<td style=\"width: 21.2179%\"><span lang=\"hi\">\u0924\u0941\u092e<\/span> &#8220;You&#8221;<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 21.8944%\"><span lang=\"hi\">-\u0924\u0947\/-\u0924\u0940<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 22.1651%\"><span lang=\"hi\">\u0924\u0941\u092e (\u0932\u094b\u0917)<\/span> &#8220;You&#8221;<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 23.5183%\"><span lang=\"hi\">-\u0924\u0947\/-\u0924\u0940<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 21.2179%\"><span lang=\"hi\">\u0906\u092a<\/span> &#8220;You&#8221;<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 21.8944%\"><span lang=\"hi\">-\u0924\u0947\/-\u0924\u0940<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 22.1651%\"><span lang=\"hi\">\u0906\u092a (\u0932\u094b\u0917)<\/span> &#8220;You&#8221;<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 23.5183%\"><span lang=\"hi\">-\u0924\u0947\/-\u0924\u0940<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 21.2179%\"><span lang=\"hi\">\u092f\u0939\/\u0935\u0939<\/span> &#8220;S\/he,&#8221;&nbsp; and&nbsp; singular noun<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 21.8944%\"><span lang=\"hi\">-\u0924\u093e\/-\u0924\u0940<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 22.1651%\"><span lang=\"hi\">\u092f\u0947\/\u0935\u0947<\/span> &#8220;They,&#8221; and plural nouns<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 23.5183%\"><span lang=\"hi\">-\u0924\u0947\/-\u0924\u0940<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\"><strong>Note:<\/strong> When subject of a sentence is of mixed gender please use plural masculine aspect marker.<\/p>\n<h2>Negation of Habitual Aspect<\/h2>\n<p>In order to change habitual aspect sentences in negative, we use the word <span lang=\"hi\">\u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902<\/span> right before the verb. When habitual sentences appear in negative, generally, the verb &#8220;to be&#8221; in present (<span lang=\"hi\">\u0939\u0942\u0901, \u0939\u094b, \u0939\u0948, \u0939\u0948\u0902<\/span>) are dropped. However, in the past form of verb &#8220;to be&#8221; (<span lang=\"hi\">\u0925\u093e, \u0925\u0947, \u0925\u0940, \u0925\u0940\u0902<\/span>) are not dropped.<\/p>\n<p>Examples:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span lang=\"hi\">\u0932\u0921\u093c\u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0902 \u092b\u0941\u091f\u092c\u0949\u0932 \u0916\u0947\u0932\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902 |<\/span> &#8220;Girls play football.&#8221;<\/li>\n<li><span lang=\"hi\">\u0932\u0921\u093c\u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0902 \u092b\u0941\u091f\u092c\u0949\u0932 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0916\u0947\u0932\u0924\u0940\u0902 |<\/span> &#8220;Girls do not play football.&#8221;<\/li>\n<li><span lang=\"hi\">\u0906\u092a \u0939\u0930 \u0926\u093f\u0928 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u093e \u0915\u092e\u0930\u093e \u0938\u093e\u092b\u093c \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0925\u0947 |<\/span> &#8220;You used to clean your room everyday.&#8221;<\/li>\n<li><span lang=\"hi\">\u0906\u092a \u0939\u0930 \u0926\u093f\u0928 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u093e \u0915\u092e\u0930\u093e \u0938\u093e\u092b\u093c \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0925\u0947 |<\/span> &#8220;Yo used not to clean your room everyday.&#8221;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Note:<\/strong> Please notice the extra nasal dot in negative sentences with subject <span lang=\"hi\">\u0932\u0921\u093c\u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0902<\/span> &#8220;girls.&#8221; As we drop the verb &#8220;to be,&#8221; the dot indicates the plural feminine subject in contrast to singular feminine subject.<\/p>\n<h2>Uses of Habitual Aspect<\/h2>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: left\">(a) To express routine actions<\/h3>\n<p>Examples:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span lang=\"hi\">\u092e\u0948\u0902 \u091a\u093e\u0930 \u092c\u091c\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0917\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0942\u0901 |<\/span> &#8220;I get up at 4 o&#8217;clock.&#8221;<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 14pt\"><span lang=\"hi\">\u092e\u0948\u0902 \u092a\u093e\u0902\u091a \u092c\u091c\u0947 \u091a\u093e\u092f \u092a\u0940\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0942\u0901 |<\/span> &#8220;I drink tea at 5 o&#8217;clock.&#8221;<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span lang=\"hi\">\u092e\u0948\u0902 \u0906\u0920 \u092c\u091c\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0915\u0942\u0932 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0942\u0901 |<\/span> &#8220;I go to school at 8 o&#8217;clock.&#8221;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Activity:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Please add five more examples here. After writing your examples please change your sentences in negative and past tense.<\/p>\n<table class=\"grid\" style=\"border-collapse: collapse;width: 100%\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 4.56698%\"><\/td>\n<th style=\"width: 39.6143%\" scope=\"col\">Examples<\/th>\n<th style=\"width: 30.8187%\" scope=\"col\">Negative<\/th>\n<th style=\"width: 25%\" scope=\"col\">Past tense<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"width: 4.56698%\" scope=\"row\">1.<\/th>\n<td style=\"width: 39.6143%\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 30.8187%\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25%\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"width: 4.56698%\" scope=\"row\">2.<\/th>\n<td style=\"width: 39.6143%\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 30.8187%\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25%\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"width: 4.56698%\" scope=\"row\">3.<\/th>\n<td style=\"width: 39.6143%\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 30.8187%\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25%\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"width: 4.56698%\" scope=\"row\">4.<\/th>\n<td style=\"width: 39.6143%\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 30.8187%\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25%\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"width: 4.56698%\" scope=\"row\">5.<\/th>\n<td style=\"width: 39.6143%\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 30.8187%\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25%\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: left\"><strong>(b) To express habitual actions<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>Examples:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span lang=\"hi\">\u0938\u0940\u0924\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0922\u093c\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 |<\/span> &#8220;Sita reads books.&#8221;<\/li>\n<li><span lang=\"hi\">\u0930\u093e\u0939\u0941\u0932 \u0917\u093f\u091f\u093e\u0930 \u092c\u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 |<\/span> &#8220;Rahul plays guitar.&#8221;<\/li>\n<li><span lang=\"hi\">\u090b\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u093f\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0947\u091f \u092a\u0940\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 |<\/span> &#8220;Hrithik smokes.&#8221;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Activity:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Please add five more examples here. After writing your examples please change your sentences in negative and past tense.<\/p>\n<table class=\"grid\" style=\"border-collapse: collapse;width: 100%\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 4.56698%\"><\/td>\n<th style=\"width: 39.6143%\" scope=\"col\">Examples<\/th>\n<th style=\"width: 30.8187%\" scope=\"col\">Negative<\/th>\n<th style=\"width: 25%\" scope=\"col\">Past tense<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"width: 4.56698%\" scope=\"row\">1.<\/th>\n<td style=\"width: 39.6143%\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 30.8187%\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25%\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"width: 4.56698%\" scope=\"row\">2.<\/th>\n<td style=\"width: 39.6143%\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 30.8187%\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25%\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"width: 4.56698%\" scope=\"row\">3.<\/th>\n<td style=\"width: 39.6143%\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 30.8187%\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25%\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"width: 4.56698%\" scope=\"row\">4.<\/th>\n<td style=\"width: 39.6143%\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 30.8187%\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25%\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"width: 4.56698%\" scope=\"row\">5.<\/th>\n<td style=\"width: 39.6143%\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 30.8187%\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25%\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: left\"><strong>(c) To express permanent actions<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>Examples:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span lang=\"hi\">\u092a\u0940\u091f\u0930 \u092e\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0917\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0930\u0939\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 |<\/span> &#8220;Peter lives in Michigan.&#8221;<\/li>\n<li><span lang=\"hi\">\u091c\u0947\u0928 \u092f\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0915\u093e\u092e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 |<\/span> &#8220;Jen works here.&#8221;<\/li>\n<li><span lang=\"hi\">\u092e\u0948\u0902 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0915\u093e \u0906\u0926\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0942\u0901 |<\/span> &#8220;I respect my teacher.&#8221;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Activity:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Please add five more examples here. After writing your examples please change your sentences in negative and past tense.<\/p>\n<table class=\"grid\" style=\"border-collapse: collapse;width: 100%\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 4.56698%\"><\/td>\n<th style=\"width: 39.6143%\" scope=\"col\">Examples<\/th>\n<th style=\"width: 30.8187%\" scope=\"col\">Negative<\/th>\n<th style=\"width: 25%\" scope=\"col\">Past tense<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"width: 4.56698%\" scope=\"row\">1.<\/th>\n<td style=\"width: 39.6143%\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 30.8187%\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25%\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"width: 4.56698%\" scope=\"row\">2.<\/th>\n<td style=\"width: 39.6143%\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 30.8187%\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25%\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"width: 4.56698%\" scope=\"row\">3.<\/th>\n<td style=\"width: 39.6143%\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 30.8187%\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25%\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"width: 4.56698%\" scope=\"row\">4.<\/th>\n<td style=\"width: 39.6143%\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 30.8187%\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25%\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"width: 4.56698%\" scope=\"row\">5.<\/th>\n<td style=\"width: 39.6143%\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 30.8187%\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25%\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: left\"><strong>(d) To express general\/universal truth.<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>Examples:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span lang=\"hi\">\u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u0938\u0942\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948|<\/span> &#8220;The earth revolves around the sun.&#8221;<\/li>\n<li><span lang=\"hi\">\u0906\u092e \u0924\u094c\u0930 \u0938\u0947, \u0917\u0941\u0932\u093e\u092c \u0932\u093e\u0932 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902|<\/span> &#8220;Generally, roses are red.&#8221;<\/li>\n<li><span lang=\"hi\">\u092e\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0917\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902, \u092c\u0930\u094d\u092b\u093c\u092c\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 |<\/span> &#8220;It snows in Michigan.&#8221;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Activity:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Please add five more examples here. After writing your examples please change your sentences in negative and past tense.<\/p>\n<table class=\"grid\" style=\"border-collapse: collapse;width: 100%\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 4.56698%\"><\/td>\n<th style=\"width: 39.6143%\" scope=\"col\">Examples<\/th>\n<th style=\"width: 30.8187%\" scope=\"col\">Negative<\/th>\n<th style=\"width: 25%\" scope=\"col\">Past tense<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"width: 4.56698%\" scope=\"row\">1.<\/th>\n<td style=\"width: 39.6143%\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 30.8187%\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25%\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"width: 4.56698%\" scope=\"row\">2.<\/th>\n<td style=\"width: 39.6143%\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 30.8187%\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25%\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"width: 4.56698%\" scope=\"row\">3.<\/th>\n<td style=\"width: 39.6143%\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 30.8187%\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25%\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"width: 4.56698%\" scope=\"row\">4.<\/th>\n<td style=\"width: 39.6143%\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 30.8187%\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25%\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"width: 4.56698%\" scope=\"row\">5.<\/th>\n<td style=\"width: 39.6143%\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 30.8187%\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25%\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: left\"><strong>(e) To narrate a story and to express series of events:<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>When narrating a story, background information is generally expressed using habitual (imperfective aspect) construction. Whereas, the foreground information is expressed using perfective aspect. Habitual construction (background information) in the story below is highlighted.<\/p>\n<p>Example:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li lang=\"hi\">\u090f\u0915 \u091c\u0902\u0917\u0932 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0915 \u0936\u0947\u0930 <strong>\u0930\u0939\u0924\u093e<\/strong> \u0925\u093e| \u0909\u0938\u0940 \u091c\u0902\u0917\u0932 \u092e\u0947\u0902, \u090f\u0915 \u091a\u0942\u0939\u093e \u092d\u0940 <strong>\u0930\u0939\u0924\u093e<\/strong> \u0925\u093e | \u090f\u0915 \u0926\u093f\u0928 \u0936\u0947\u0930 \u091a\u0942\u0939\u0947 \u0938\u0947 <strong>\u0915\u0939\u0924\u093e<\/strong> \u0915\u093f \u092e\u0948\u0902 \u0924\u0941\u092e\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u0916\u093e \u091c\u093e\u090a\u0901\u0917\u093e | \u091a\u0942\u0939\u093e <strong>\u0915\u0939\u0924\u093e<\/strong> \u0939\u0948 &#8220;\u092e\u0941\u091d\u0947 \u092e\u0924 \u0916\u093e\u0907\u090f|&#8221; \u090f\u0915 \u0926\u093f\u0928 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0936\u0947\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0932 \u092e\u0947\u0902 <strong>\u092b\u0938\u093e\u0924\u093e<\/strong> \u0939\u0948 \u0924\u092c \u091a\u0942\u0939\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0932 <strong>\u0915\u093e\u091f\u0924\u093e<\/strong> \u0939\u0948| \u0907\u0938 \u0924\u0930\u0939 \u091a\u0942\u0939\u093e \u0936\u0947\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u092e\u0926\u0926 <strong>\u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e<\/strong> \u0939\u0948 |<\/li>\n<li>&#8220;A lion lived in a forest. In the same forest, a mouse also lived. One day the lion says to the rats that I will eat you. The Rat says &#8220;please don&#8217;t eat me.&#8221; One day the hunter traps the lion into the net then the rat bites the net. This is how the rat helps the lion.&#8221;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: left\"><strong>(f) To express impersonal sentences<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>Examples:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span lang=\"hi\">\u0932\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0939\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0915\u093f<\/span> &#8230; &#8220;People say that&#8230;&#8221;<\/li>\n<li><span lang=\"hi\">(\u0906\u092a) \u0939\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0926\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902<\/span> &#8220;flower&#8221; <span lang=\"hi\">\u0915\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0939\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 ?<\/span> How do you say &#8220;flower&#8221; in Hindi.<\/li>\n<li><span lang=\"hi\">\u092f\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0905\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0940 \u091a\u093e\u092f \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948|<\/span> Good tea is available here.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Activity:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Please add five more examples here. After writing your examples please change your sentences in negative and past tense.<\/p>\n<table class=\"grid\" style=\"border-collapse: collapse;width: 100%\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 4.56698%\"><\/td>\n<th style=\"width: 39.6143%\" scope=\"col\">Examples<\/th>\n<th style=\"width: 30.8187%\" scope=\"col\">Negative<\/th>\n<th style=\"width: 25%\" scope=\"col\">Past tense<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"width: 4.56698%\" scope=\"row\">1.<\/th>\n<td style=\"width: 39.6143%\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 30.8187%\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25%\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"width: 4.56698%\" scope=\"row\">2.<\/th>\n<td style=\"width: 39.6143%\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 30.8187%\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25%\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"width: 4.56698%\" scope=\"row\">3.<\/th>\n<td style=\"width: 39.6143%\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 30.8187%\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25%\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"width: 4.56698%\" scope=\"row\">4.<\/th>\n<td style=\"width: 39.6143%\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 30.8187%\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25%\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"width: 4.56698%\" scope=\"row\">5.<\/th>\n<td style=\"width: 39.6143%\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 30.8187%\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25%\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: left\"><strong>(g) To express immediate future action by adding adverbs like <span lang=\"hi\">\u0905\u092d\u0940<\/span> &#8220;right away,&#8221; and <span lang=\"hi\">\u091a\u0932\u093f\u090f<\/span> &#8220;let&#8217;s.&#8221;<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>Examples:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span lang=\"hi\">\u092e\u0948\u0902 \u0905\u092d\u0940 \u0906\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0942\u0901 |<\/span> &#8220;I will come right away.&#8221;<\/li>\n<li><span lang=\"hi\">\u091a\u0932\u093f\u090f, \u090f\u0915 \u092b\u093c\u093f\u0932\u094d\u092e \u0926\u0947\u0916\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 |<\/span> &#8220;Let&#8217;s watch a film.&#8221;<\/li>\n<li><span lang=\"hi\">\u0930\u094b\u0913 \u092e\u0924, \u092e\u093e\u0901 \u0905\u092d\u0940 \u0924\u0941\u092e\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u0916\u093e\u0928\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 |<\/span> &#8220;Don&#8217;t cry, mother will give you food right away.&#8221;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Uses of the Past Habitual Tense<\/h2>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: left\"><strong>(a) The past habitual tense is generally used to express past habit, routine, permanent actions.<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>Examples:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span lang=\"hi\">\u092e\u0948\u0902 \u092a\u093f\u091b\u0932\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0932 \u0926\u0938 \u092c\u091c\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0915\u0942\u0932 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0925\u093e |<\/span> &#8220;I used to go to school at 10 o&#8217;clock last year.&#8221;<\/li>\n<li><span lang=\"hi\">\u0906\u092a \u0939\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0926\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0930\u0939\u0924\u0940 \u0925\u0940\u0902 ?<\/span> &#8220;Where used you to live in India?&#8221;<\/li>\n<li><span lang=\"hi\">\u092a\u093f\u091b\u0932\u0947 \u092e\u0939\u0940\u0928\u0947 \u0924\u0915, \u092e\u0947\u0930\u093e \u092d\u093e\u0908 \u0939\u0930 \u0926\u093f\u0928 \u092e\u0941\u091d \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0925\u093e |<\/span> &#8220;My brother used to talk to me everyday till last month.&#8221;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Activity:<\/p>\n<p>Please add five more examples here. After writing your examples please change your sentences in negative and past tense.<\/p>\n<table class=\"grid\" style=\"border-collapse: collapse;width: 100%\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 4.56698%\"><\/td>\n<th style=\"width: 39.6143%\" scope=\"col\">Examples<\/th>\n<th style=\"width: 30.8187%\" scope=\"col\">Negative<\/th>\n<th style=\"width: 25%\" scope=\"col\">Past tense<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"width: 4.56698%\" scope=\"row\">1.<\/th>\n<td style=\"width: 39.6143%\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 30.8187%\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25%\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"width: 4.56698%\" scope=\"row\">2.<\/th>\n<td style=\"width: 39.6143%\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 30.8187%\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25%\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"width: 4.56698%\" scope=\"row\">3.<\/th>\n<td style=\"width: 39.6143%\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 30.8187%\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25%\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"width: 4.56698%\" scope=\"row\">4.<\/th>\n<td style=\"width: 39.6143%\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 30.8187%\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25%\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"width: 4.56698%\" scope=\"row\">5.<\/th>\n<td style=\"width: 39.6143%\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 30.8187%\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25%\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center\"><strong>Activities<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>(a) Please choose the correct form of habitual aspect marker based on the subject of the sentence.<\/p>\n<p>(b) Please write your daily routine of this semester\/year. After writing your daily routine compare it will last semester\/year. [Hint: Please use present habitual for current daily routine, and use past habitual for last semester\/year]<\/p>\n<p>(c) Please ask your friends about their hobbies and enlist them here. [Hint: Use <span lang=\"hi\">\u0906\u092a \u0916\u093c\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947\/\u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902?<\/span> &#8220;What do you do in your free time?&#8221; to ask their hobbies.]<\/p>\n<p>(d) Please watch a short film, and write the story in Hindi. After writing, please record yourself here and share your story with the instructor\/any native speaker for the feedback.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><strong><span lang=\"hi\">\u0927\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0935\u093e\u0926 !<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":24,"menu_order":7,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-275","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":263,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/ibooks.braou.ac.in\/aaohindiseekhein\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/275","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/ibooks.braou.ac.in\/aaohindiseekhein\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/ibooks.braou.ac.in\/aaohindiseekhein\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ibooks.braou.ac.in\/aaohindiseekhein\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/24"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/ibooks.braou.ac.in\/aaohindiseekhein\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/275\/revisions"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/ibooks.braou.ac.in\/aaohindiseekhein\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/263"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/ibooks.braou.ac.in\/aaohindiseekhein\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/275\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/ibooks.braou.ac.in\/aaohindiseekhein\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=275"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ibooks.braou.ac.in\/aaohindiseekhein\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=275"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ibooks.braou.ac.in\/aaohindiseekhein\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=275"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ibooks.braou.ac.in\/aaohindiseekhein\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=275"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}