{"id":274,"date":"2026-04-07T11:12:46","date_gmt":"2026-04-07T11:12:46","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ibooks.braou.ac.in\/aaohindiseekhein\/chapter\/chapter-7_grammar-tense-and-aspect\/"},"modified":"2026-04-07T11:12:46","modified_gmt":"2026-04-07T11:12:46","slug":"chapter-7_grammar-tense-and-aspect","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/ibooks.braou.ac.in\/aaohindiseekhein\/chapter\/chapter-7_grammar-tense-and-aspect\/","title":{"raw":"7.6 Grammar: Tense and Aspect","rendered":"7.6 Grammar: Tense and Aspect"},"content":{"raw":"\n<h2>Tense<\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\"><strong>Instructor Video: <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/mediaspace.msu.edu\/media\/Chapter+7_Tense+and+Aspect\/1_x5332hka\"><strong>Tense and Aspect<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\nTense is a time of an action. In all languages, tense is categorized in three types, namely, (a) present tense, (b) past tense, and (c) future tense.\n\nIn Hindi, tense is marked with auxiliary verbs and\/or morphemes attached to the verb stem, as shown below.\n<table class=\"grid\" style=\"border-collapse: collapse;width: 100%;height: 123px\" border=\"0\">\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\n<th style=\"width: 33.3333%;text-align: center;height: 15px\" scope=\"col\"><strong>Past tense<\/strong><\/th>\n<th style=\"width: 29.6797%;text-align: center;height: 15px\" scope=\"col\"><strong>Present tense<\/strong><\/th>\n<th style=\"width: 36.9869%;height: 15px;text-align: center\" scope=\"col\"><strong>Future tense<\/strong><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\n<td style=\"width: 33.3333%;text-align: center;height: 15px\" scope=\"col\"><strong>Auxiliary verbs: <span lang=\"hi\">\u0925\u093e, \u0925\u0947, \u0925\u0940, \u0925\u0940\u0902<\/span>&nbsp;<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 29.6797%;text-align: center;height: 15px\" scope=\"col\"><strong>Auxiliary verbs: <span lang=\"hi\">\u0939\u0942\u0901, \u0939\u094b, \u0939\u0948, \u0939\u0948\u0902<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 36.9869%;height: 15px;text-align: center\" scope=\"col\"><strong>Auxiliary verbs: <span lang=\"hi\">\u0939\u094b\u0917\u093e, \u0939\u094b\u0917\u0947, \u0939\u094b\u0917\u0940, \u0939\u094b\u0902\u0917\u0940<\/span>&nbsp;<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 93px\">\n<td style=\"width: 33.3333%;height: 93px\">Examples:\n\n&nbsp;\n<ul>\n \t<li><span lang=\"hi\">\u0915\u0932 \u092c\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0936 \u0939\u094b \u0930\u0939\u0940<\/span> <span lang=\"hi\" style=\"color: #0000ff\">\u0925\u0940<\/span> | \"It was raining yesterday.\"<\/li>\n \t<li><span lang=\"hi\">\u092a\u093f\u091b\u0932\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0932, \u092e\u0948\u0902 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0917\u092f\u093e<\/span> <span lang=\"hi\" style=\"color: #0000ff\">\u0925\u093e<\/span> | \"I had gone to India last year.\"<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 29.6797%;height: 93px\">Examples:\n\n&nbsp;\n<ul>\n \t<li><span lang=\"hi\">\u0906\u091c \u092c\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0936 \u0939\u094b \u0930\u0939\u0940<\/span> <span lang=\"hi\" style=\"color: #0000ff\">\u0939\u0948<\/span> | \"It is raining today.\"<\/li>\n \t<li><span lang=\"hi\">\u092e\u0948\u0902 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u091c\u093e \u0930\u0939\u093e<\/span> <span lang=\"hi\" style=\"color: #0000ff\">\u0939\u0942\u0901<\/span> | \"I am going to India.\"<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n&nbsp;<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 36.9869%;height: 93px\">Examples:\n\n&nbsp;\n<ul>\n \t<li><span lang=\"hi\">\u0915\u0932&nbsp; \u092c\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0936<\/span> <span lang=\"hi\" style=\"color: #0000ff\">\u0939\u094b\u0917\u0940<\/span> | \"It will rain tomorrow.<\/li>\n \t<li><span lang=\"hi\">\u0905\u0917\u0932\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0932, \u092e\u0948\u0902 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u091c\u093e\u090a\u0901<\/span><span lang=\"hi\" style=\"color: #0000ff\">\u0917\u093e<\/span> | \"I will go to India next year.\"<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2>Aspect<\/h2>\nAspect shows the manner of an action. Grammatical aspects are categorized in two types, namely, (a) imperfective aspect, and (b) perfective aspect. Imperfective aspect shows that the action is not completed. Perfective aspect shows that the action is complete.\n\nImperfective aspect is further categorized in two types, namely, (a) habitual and (b) progressive\/continuous.\n\nAll grammatical aspects in Hindi are marked as morphemes with verb stem, as shown below.\n<table class=\"grid\" style=\"border-collapse: collapse;width: 100%;height: 161px\" border=\"0\">\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"height: 16px\">\n<th style=\"width: 33.3333%;text-align: center;height: 16px\" colspan=\"2\" scope=\"colgroup\"><strong>Imperfective Aspect<\/strong><\/th>\n<th style=\"width: 33.3333%;text-align: center;height: 16px\" scope=\"col\"><strong>Perfective Aspect<\/strong><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 16px\">\n<th style=\"width: 33.3333%;text-align: center;height: 18px\" scope=\"col\"><strong>Habitual<\/strong><\/th>\n<th style=\"width: 33.3333%;text-align: center;height: 18px\" scope=\"col\"><strong>Progressive\/Continuous<\/strong><\/th>\n<td style=\"width: 33.3333%;text-align: center;height: 18px\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 16px\">\n<td style=\"width: 33.3333%;text-align: center;height: 16px\" scope=\"col\"><strong>Morphemes: <span lang=\"hi\">-\u0924\u093e. -\u0924\u0947, -\u0924\u0940<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 33.3333%;text-align: center;height: 16px\" scope=\"col\"><strong><span lang=\"hi\">\u0930\u0939\u093e, \u0930\u0939\u0947, \u0930\u0939\u0940<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 33.3333%;text-align: center;height: 16px\"><strong><span lang=\"hi\">-\u0906, -\u090f, -\u0908, -\u0908\u0902<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 111px\">\n<td style=\"width: 33.3333%;height: 111px\">Examples:\n\n&nbsp;\n<ul>\n \t<li><span lang=\"hi\">\u092e\u0948\u0902 \u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c \u092a\u0922\u093c<\/span><span lang=\"hi\" style=\"color: #0000ff\">\u0924\u093e<\/span> <span lang=\"hi\">\u0939\u0942\u0901 |<\/span> \"I read a book.\"<\/li>\n \t<li><span lang=\"hi\">\u0938\u0940\u0924\u093e \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915\u0947\u091f \u0916\u0947\u0932<\/span><span lang=\"hi\" style=\"color: #0000ff\">\u0924\u0940<\/span> <span lang=\"hi\">\u0939\u0948 |<\/span> \"Sita plays cricket.\"<\/li>\n \t<li><span lang=\"hi\">\u0932\u0921\u093c\u0915\u0947 \u0915\u092e\u0930\u093e \u0938\u093e\u092b\u093c \u0915\u0930<\/span><span lang=\"hi\" style=\"color: #0000ff\">\u0924\u0947<\/span> <span lang=\"hi\">\u0939\u0948\u0902 |<\/span> \"Boys cleans a room.\"<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 33.3333%;height: 111px\">Examples:\n\n&nbsp;\n<ul>\n \t<li><span lang=\"hi\">\u092e\u0948\u0902 \u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c \u092a\u0922\u093c<\/span> <span lang=\"hi\" style=\"color: #0000ff\">\u0930\u0939\u093e<\/span> <span lang=\"hi\">\u0939\u0942\u0901 |<\/span> \"I am reading a book.\"<\/li>\n \t<li><span lang=\"hi\">\u0938\u0940\u0924\u093e \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915\u0947\u091f \u0916\u0947\u0932<\/span> <span lang=\"hi\" style=\"color: #0000ff\">\u0930\u0939\u0940<\/span> <span lang=\"hi\">\u0939\u0948 |<\/span> \"Sita is playing cricket.\"<\/li>\n \t<li><span lang=\"hi\">\u0932\u0921\u093c\u0915\u0947 \u0915\u092e\u0930\u093e \u0938\u093e\u092b\u093c \u0915\u0930<\/span> <span lang=\"hi\" style=\"color: #0000ff\">\u0930\u0939\u0947<\/span> <span lang=\"hi\">\u0939\u0948\u0902 |<\/span> \"Boys are cleaning a room.\"<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 33.3333%;height: 111px\">Examples:\n\n&nbsp;\n<ul>\n \t<li><span lang=\"hi\">\u092e\u0948\u0902\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c \u092a<\/span><span lang=\"hi\" style=\"color: #0000ff\">\u0922\u093c\u0940<\/span> | \"I read a book.\"<\/li>\n \t<li><span lang=\"hi\">\u0938\u0940\u0924\u093e \u0928\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915\u0947\u091f \u0916\u0947<\/span><span lang=\"hi\" style=\"color: #0000ff\">\u0932\u093e<\/span> | \"Sita played cricket.\"<\/li>\n \t<li><span lang=\"hi\">\u0932\u0921\u093c\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0928\u0947 \u0915\u092e\u0930\u093e \u0938\u093e\u092b\u093c \u0915\u093f<\/span><span lang=\"hi\" style=\"color: #0000ff\">\u092f\u093e<\/span> | \"Boys cleaned a room.\"<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center\">Activity<\/h2>\nPlease read these sentences carefully and identify the tense and aspect.\n\n[h5p id=\"111\"]\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><strong><span lang=\"hi\">\u0927\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0935\u093e\u0926 !<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n","rendered":"<h2>Tense<\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\"><strong>Instructor Video: <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/mediaspace.msu.edu\/media\/Chapter+7_Tense+and+Aspect\/1_x5332hka\"><strong>Tense and Aspect<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n<p>Tense is a time of an action. In all languages, tense is categorized in three types, namely, (a) present tense, (b) past tense, and (c) future tense.<\/p>\n<p>In Hindi, tense is marked with auxiliary verbs and\/or morphemes attached to the verb stem, as shown below.<\/p>\n<table class=\"grid\" style=\"border-collapse: collapse;width: 100%;height: 123px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\n<th style=\"width: 33.3333%;text-align: center;height: 15px\" scope=\"col\"><strong>Past tense<\/strong><\/th>\n<th style=\"width: 29.6797%;text-align: center;height: 15px\" scope=\"col\"><strong>Present tense<\/strong><\/th>\n<th style=\"width: 36.9869%;height: 15px;text-align: center\" scope=\"col\"><strong>Future tense<\/strong><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\n<td style=\"width: 33.3333%;text-align: center;height: 15px\" scope=\"col\"><strong>Auxiliary verbs: <span lang=\"hi\">\u0925\u093e, \u0925\u0947, \u0925\u0940, \u0925\u0940\u0902<\/span>&nbsp;<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 29.6797%;text-align: center;height: 15px\" scope=\"col\"><strong>Auxiliary verbs: <span lang=\"hi\">\u0939\u0942\u0901, \u0939\u094b, \u0939\u0948, \u0939\u0948\u0902<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 36.9869%;height: 15px;text-align: center\" scope=\"col\"><strong>Auxiliary verbs: <span lang=\"hi\">\u0939\u094b\u0917\u093e, \u0939\u094b\u0917\u0947, \u0939\u094b\u0917\u0940, \u0939\u094b\u0902\u0917\u0940<\/span>&nbsp;<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 93px\">\n<td style=\"width: 33.3333%;height: 93px\">Examples:<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span lang=\"hi\">\u0915\u0932 \u092c\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0936 \u0939\u094b \u0930\u0939\u0940<\/span> <span lang=\"hi\" style=\"color: #0000ff\">\u0925\u0940<\/span> | &#8220;It was raining yesterday.&#8221;<\/li>\n<li><span lang=\"hi\">\u092a\u093f\u091b\u0932\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0932, \u092e\u0948\u0902 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0917\u092f\u093e<\/span> <span lang=\"hi\" style=\"color: #0000ff\">\u0925\u093e<\/span> | &#8220;I had gone to India last year.&#8221;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 29.6797%;height: 93px\">Examples:<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span lang=\"hi\">\u0906\u091c \u092c\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0936 \u0939\u094b \u0930\u0939\u0940<\/span> <span lang=\"hi\" style=\"color: #0000ff\">\u0939\u0948<\/span> | &#8220;It is raining today.&#8221;<\/li>\n<li><span lang=\"hi\">\u092e\u0948\u0902 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u091c\u093e \u0930\u0939\u093e<\/span> <span lang=\"hi\" style=\"color: #0000ff\">\u0939\u0942\u0901<\/span> | &#8220;I am going to India.&#8221;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 36.9869%;height: 93px\">Examples:<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span lang=\"hi\">\u0915\u0932&nbsp; \u092c\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0936<\/span> <span lang=\"hi\" style=\"color: #0000ff\">\u0939\u094b\u0917\u0940<\/span> | &#8220;It will rain tomorrow.<\/li>\n<li><span lang=\"hi\">\u0905\u0917\u0932\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0932, \u092e\u0948\u0902 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u091c\u093e\u090a\u0901<\/span><span lang=\"hi\" style=\"color: #0000ff\">\u0917\u093e<\/span> | &#8220;I will go to India next year.&#8221;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2>Aspect<\/h2>\n<p>Aspect shows the manner of an action. Grammatical aspects are categorized in two types, namely, (a) imperfective aspect, and (b) perfective aspect. Imperfective aspect shows that the action is not completed. Perfective aspect shows that the action is complete.<\/p>\n<p>Imperfective aspect is further categorized in two types, namely, (a) habitual and (b) progressive\/continuous.<\/p>\n<p>All grammatical aspects in Hindi are marked as morphemes with verb stem, as shown below.<\/p>\n<table class=\"grid\" style=\"border-collapse: collapse;width: 100%;height: 161px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"height: 16px\">\n<th style=\"width: 33.3333%;text-align: center;height: 16px\" colspan=\"2\" scope=\"colgroup\"><strong>Imperfective Aspect<\/strong><\/th>\n<th style=\"width: 33.3333%;text-align: center;height: 16px\" scope=\"col\"><strong>Perfective Aspect<\/strong><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 16px\">\n<th style=\"width: 33.3333%;text-align: center;height: 18px\" scope=\"col\"><strong>Habitual<\/strong><\/th>\n<th style=\"width: 33.3333%;text-align: center;height: 18px\" scope=\"col\"><strong>Progressive\/Continuous<\/strong><\/th>\n<td style=\"width: 33.3333%;text-align: center;height: 18px\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 16px\">\n<td style=\"width: 33.3333%;text-align: center;height: 16px\" scope=\"col\"><strong>Morphemes: <span lang=\"hi\">-\u0924\u093e. -\u0924\u0947, -\u0924\u0940<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 33.3333%;text-align: center;height: 16px\" scope=\"col\"><strong><span lang=\"hi\">\u0930\u0939\u093e, \u0930\u0939\u0947, \u0930\u0939\u0940<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 33.3333%;text-align: center;height: 16px\"><strong><span lang=\"hi\">-\u0906, -\u090f, -\u0908, -\u0908\u0902<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 111px\">\n<td style=\"width: 33.3333%;height: 111px\">Examples:<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span lang=\"hi\">\u092e\u0948\u0902 \u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c \u092a\u0922\u093c<\/span><span lang=\"hi\" style=\"color: #0000ff\">\u0924\u093e<\/span> <span lang=\"hi\">\u0939\u0942\u0901 |<\/span> &#8220;I read a book.&#8221;<\/li>\n<li><span lang=\"hi\">\u0938\u0940\u0924\u093e \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915\u0947\u091f \u0916\u0947\u0932<\/span><span lang=\"hi\" style=\"color: #0000ff\">\u0924\u0940<\/span> <span lang=\"hi\">\u0939\u0948 |<\/span> &#8220;Sita plays cricket.&#8221;<\/li>\n<li><span lang=\"hi\">\u0932\u0921\u093c\u0915\u0947 \u0915\u092e\u0930\u093e \u0938\u093e\u092b\u093c \u0915\u0930<\/span><span lang=\"hi\" style=\"color: #0000ff\">\u0924\u0947<\/span> <span lang=\"hi\">\u0939\u0948\u0902 |<\/span> &#8220;Boys cleans a room.&#8221;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 33.3333%;height: 111px\">Examples:<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span lang=\"hi\">\u092e\u0948\u0902 \u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c \u092a\u0922\u093c<\/span> <span lang=\"hi\" style=\"color: #0000ff\">\u0930\u0939\u093e<\/span> <span lang=\"hi\">\u0939\u0942\u0901 |<\/span> &#8220;I am reading a book.&#8221;<\/li>\n<li><span lang=\"hi\">\u0938\u0940\u0924\u093e \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915\u0947\u091f \u0916\u0947\u0932<\/span> <span lang=\"hi\" style=\"color: #0000ff\">\u0930\u0939\u0940<\/span> <span lang=\"hi\">\u0939\u0948 |<\/span> &#8220;Sita is playing cricket.&#8221;<\/li>\n<li><span lang=\"hi\">\u0932\u0921\u093c\u0915\u0947 \u0915\u092e\u0930\u093e \u0938\u093e\u092b\u093c \u0915\u0930<\/span> <span lang=\"hi\" style=\"color: #0000ff\">\u0930\u0939\u0947<\/span> <span lang=\"hi\">\u0939\u0948\u0902 |<\/span> &#8220;Boys are cleaning a room.&#8221;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 33.3333%;height: 111px\">Examples:<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span lang=\"hi\">\u092e\u0948\u0902\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c \u092a<\/span><span lang=\"hi\" style=\"color: #0000ff\">\u0922\u093c\u0940<\/span> | &#8220;I read a book.&#8221;<\/li>\n<li><span lang=\"hi\">\u0938\u0940\u0924\u093e \u0928\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915\u0947\u091f \u0916\u0947<\/span><span lang=\"hi\" style=\"color: #0000ff\">\u0932\u093e<\/span> | &#8220;Sita played cricket.&#8221;<\/li>\n<li><span lang=\"hi\">\u0932\u0921\u093c\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0928\u0947 \u0915\u092e\u0930\u093e \u0938\u093e\u092b\u093c \u0915\u093f<\/span><span lang=\"hi\" style=\"color: #0000ff\">\u092f\u093e<\/span> | &#8220;Boys cleaned a room.&#8221;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center\">Activity<\/h2>\n<p>Please read these sentences carefully and identify the tense and aspect.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><strong><span lang=\"hi\">\u0927\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0935\u093e\u0926 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